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- W134018145 abstract "Worry and shyness were explored along with other aspects of social anxiety, such as fear of negative evaluation, and social avoidance and distress. All four factors were related, and all related to negative affect as well. With negative affect removed to control for neuroticism, worry, shyness, and fear of negative evaluation were still significantly correlated, suggesting that cognitive factors connect them. Worry may play a heretofore unappreciated role in shyness and vice versa. Social psychology and personality psychology have explored extensively the topic of shyness, and key figures from these areas, such as Zimbardo (1977) and Buss (1980), have made major contributions to our understanding of this phenomenon. Shyness has been examined from cognitive, affective, and behavioral perspectives (Henderson, Zimbardo, & Carducci, 2001). In the cognitive realm shyness has been found to be associated with self-consciousness, cognitive interference, and underestimation of social competence (for a good recent review, see Crozier, 2001). By and large, however, worry has not been examined in the context of shyness. Zimbardo's 1977 book, Shyness, does not index worry, and Cheek, in an important summary chapter acknowledged it only in passing (p. 49, Cheek & Melchior, 1990). Shyness studies which have considered worry have often given it cursory treatment or focused on some particular but limited aspect of worry, such as worry about being negatively evaluated by others (Sarason & Sarason, 1986) or performance worries (Arnold and Cheek, 1986). In 1987 the American Psychiatric Association redefined anxiety neurosis as generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) with worry as its primary symptom (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, 1987). This encouraged psychology to take worry seriously as a topic unto itself, and many studies were performed by clinical psychologists as a consequence. However, the worry literature has largely ignored the shyness literature, despite certain commonalities. For example, both worry and shyness share a core of anxious, negative, and self-focused cognitions (Cheek & Melchior, 1990; Borkovec, 1994). Early worry research simply classified individuals as worriers if they so considered themselves, or by amount of time spent worrying (Pruzinsky & Borkovec, 1990). The Penn State Worry Questionnaire (Meyer, Miller, Metzger, & Borkovec, 1990) was developed to correct this deficit. It was validated primarily on normal student populations but has been extensively used in clinical studies with anxiety-disordered individuals (Brown, Antony, & Barlow, 1992; Molina & Borkovec, 1994). Worry's relationship with social anxiety has never been fully explored, though both states are common, and clinicians have long noted social anxiety symptoms in individuals with GAD. Likewise, individuals with social phobia frequently report excessive worry, and dual diagnosis is common. Worry has been found to correlate with state and trait anxiety, test anxiety, low self-esteem, perfectionism, self-handicapping, and self-consciousness. Unlike some types of anxiety, it is very thought-focused, with relatively little image content or physiological arousal (Borkovec, 1994; Borkovec & Inz, 1990). Worry does not correlate with social desirability, locus of control, experience seeking, disinhibition and need for cognition (Meyer et al., 1990). It can be empirically distinguished from obsessionality (Coles, Mennin, & Heimberg, 2001; Molina & Borkovec, 1994), locus of control (Meyer et al., 1990), and emotionality (Deffenbacher, 1980). In essence we have two literatures with relatively little cross-over. Shyness research had the head start, but seems to have been produced and read primarily by social psychologists. The change in DSM criteria led clinical psychologists, especially behaviorists, to pursue the topic of worry, but with little or no reference to shyness research. …" @default.
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- W134018145 date "2005-03-01" @default.
- W134018145 modified "2023-09-22" @default.
- W134018145 title "Worry and Its Relationship to Shyness" @default.
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