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• W134480620 abstract "A PICTURE is worth a thousand words. Nowhere is this statement truer than in the courtroom. What trial lawyers have long known, and social science confirms, is that presentation of evidence through aural, written, and visual media substantially improves the jury's understanding and retention of facts presented during trial. (1) For decades, trial lawyers have recognized this axiom and used traditional film photographs to make their cases more convincing to the jury. In order to maximize the persuasive effect of visual media, a trial lawyer should consider emphasizing important aspects of his or her photographic evidence. Although enhancement of traditional photography through dark room methods has been possible for years, these methods are expensive and require sophisticated equipment and techniques. (2) Today, with the development of digital photography, what was once a time-consuming and expensive process can be done with a digital camera that costs less than a thousand dollars and a laptop computer with readily available software such as Adobe [R] Photoshop [R]. This article discusses the issues related to the use of enhanced digital photographs at trial as well as some recommendations for preparing to have such photographs admitted into evidence. (3) I. Digital Photographs and Enhancement NASA first developed digital photography in the 1960s to send photographs taken in space back to Earth. Despite its space-age beginning, the digital photographic process uses the same basic process as traditional photography. (4) As with film-based photography, a digital camera records an image by using a lens to focus light onto a focal plane. (5) The fundamental distinction between the two technologies is that a digital camera uses a light sensitive silicon chip as the focal plane instead of film. The most common type of chip is known as a charge-coupled device or CCD, which converts the light coming through the camera lens into electrical signals. (6) A camera component called an analog-to-digital converter converts these signals to digits, which are then sent to the camera's internal computer and processed into a final digital image. (7) This final image data, or digital photograph, is stored on a memory card, which can be downloaded to an external computer. A number of computer programs can process the data contained in the digital photograph file to change the appearance of the captured image. (8) The most common of these programs is Adobe Photoshop, which allows a user to make a wide range of changes to a digital photograph, including contrast and tone adjustment, enlargement, removal of unwanted portions of the image, and rotation of the image. (9) Using this or similar software, an advocate can focus a jury's attention on a particular area of a photograph, or, in some cases, reveal information that was not otherwise discernable. For example, these techniques may highlight important information captured in a photograph from an accident scene that can be used during the direct examination of an accident reconstruction expert. One can easily imagine the persuasive power of the enhanced photograph and the corresponding desire of the opposing party to keep such evidence from the jury. (10) II. Daubert/Frye Requirements An opposing party may attempt to exclude enhanced digital photographs by challenging the reliability of the enhancement process. However, courts have found digitally enhanced photograph evidence to be sufficiently reliable to meet the requirements of both the Daubert and the more restrictive Frye tests commonly applied to scientific evidence. (11) The leading case on the issue is the Washington Supreme Court decision in State v. Hayden. (12) In Hayden, the defendant was charged with murder, and the key piece of evidence against him was a bloody hand print on a fitted bed sheet from the murder scene. The print expert proceeded with an elaborate chemical process in order to isolate and identify the hand print. …" @default.
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• W134480620 date "2007-01-01" @default.
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• W134480620 title "Evidentiary Requirements for the Admission of Enhanced Digital Photographs" @default.
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