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- W135065601 abstract "The combination of alcohol and driving is a major health and economic burden tomost communities in industrialised countries. The total cost of crashes for Australia in1996 was estimated at approximately 15 billion dollars and the costs for fatal crasheswere about 3 billion dollars (BTE, 2000). According to the Bureau of Infrastructure,Transport and Regional Development and Local Government (2009; BITRDLG) theoverall cost of road fatality crashes for 2006 $3.87 billion, with a single fatal crashcosting an estimated $2.67 million. A major contributing factor to crashes involvingserious injury is alcohol intoxication while driving. It is a well documented fact thatconsumption of liquor impairs judgment of speed, distance and increases involvementin higher risk behaviours (Waller, Hansen, Stutts, & Popkin, 1986a; Waller et al.,1986b). Waller et al. (1986a; b) asserts that liquor impairs psychomotor function andtherefore renders the driver impaired in a crisis situation. This impairment includes;vision (degraded), information processing (slowed), steering, and performing twotasks at once in congested traffic (Moskowitz & Burns, 1990). As BAC levelsincrease the risk of crashing and fatality increase exponentially (Department ofTransport and Main Roads, 2009; DTMR). According to Compton et al. (2002) ascited in the Department of Transport and Main Roads (2009), crash risk based onprobability, is five times higher when the BAC is 0.10 compared to a BAC of 0.00.The type of injury patterns sustained also tends to be more severe when liquor isinvolved, especially with injuries to the brain (Waller et al., 1986b). Single and Rohl(1997) reported that 30% of all fatal crashes in Australia where alcohol involvementwas known were associated with Breadth Analysis Content (BAC) above the legallimit of 0.05gms/100ml. Alcohol related crashes therefore contributes to a third of thetotal cost of fatal crashes (i.e. $1 billion annually) and crashes where alcohol is involved are more likely to result in death or serious injury (ARRB TransportResearch, 1999). It is a major concern that a drug capable of impairment such as isthe most available and popular drug in Australia (Australian Institute of Health andWelfare, 2007; AIHW). According to the AIHW (2007) 89.9% of the approximately25,000 Australians over the age of 14 surveyed had consumed at some point in time,and 82.9% had consumed liquor in the previous year. This study found that 12.1% ofindividuals admitted to driving a motor vehicle whilst intoxicated. In general malesconsumed more liquor in all age groups.In Queensland there were 21503 road crashes in 2001, involving 324 fatalities and thelargest contributing factor was alcohol and or drugs (Road Traffic Report, 2001).23438 road crashes in 2004, involving 289 fatalities and the largest contributing factorwas alcohol and or drugs (DTMR, 2009). Although a number of measures such asrandom breath testing have been effective in reducing the road toll (Watson, Fraine &Mitchell, 1995) the recidivist drink driver remains a serious problem. These findingswere later supported with research by Leal, King, and Lewis (2006). This Queenslandstudy found that of the 24661 drink drivers intercepted in 2004, 3679 (14.9%) wererecidivists with multiple drink driving convictions in the previous three years covered(Leal et al., 2006). The legal definition of the term “recidivist” is consistent with theTransport Operations (Road Use Management) Act (1995) and is assigned toindividuals who have been charged with multiple drink driving offences in theprevious five years. In Australia relatively little attention has been given to preventionprograms that target high-risk repeat drink drivers. However, over the last ten years arehabilitation program specifically designed to reduce recidivism among repeat drinkdrivers has been operating in Queensland. The program, formally known as the“Under the Limit” drink driving rehabilitation program (UTL) was designed andimplemented by the research team at the Centre for Accident Research and RoadSafety in Queensland with funding from the Federal Office of Road Safety and theInstitute of Criminology (see Sheehan, Schonfeld & Davey, 1995). By 2009 over8500 drink-drivering offenders had been referred to the program (Australian Instituteof Crime, 2009)." @default.
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- W135065601 title "Review of the Under the Limit drink driving rehabilitation program" @default.
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