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• W135143013 abstract "Fabricating Palestinian History In the last two decades, there has been widespread application of the term in relation to various groups worldwide. However, the meaning of this term and its uses tend to be inconsistent and variable. The expression derives from the interaction of different cultures - the meeting between the original inhabitants of a specific region (known variously as nations, natives, indigenes, or aborigines) and new, foreign settlers or who imposed their alien value systems and way of life on the indigenous populations.1 In Israel, the indigenousness claim has been raised over the past few years by the country's Bedouin citizens, a formerly nomadic, Arabic-speaking group centered in the southern arid part of the country, the Negev. They argue that Israel denies their basic indigenous rights such as maintaining their traditions and owning their own lands. Does this claim hold water? What are its implications for Israel as well as for other nations? INDIGENOUS RIGHTS IN THE INTERNATIONAL ARENA What is known today as international law developed in Europe from the seventeenth century onward, parallel to the emergence of sovereign nation states, with the objective of regulating relations between these new entities. Traditionally, international law made no mention of group rights, which were considered a domestic concern of the state.2 International law was reluctant to further group rights for several reasons, among them concern for the integrity of the state and fear of separatism that would undermine its stability.3 Furthermore, group rights were considered contradictory to the concept of a modern state based on a direct social contract between the citizen and the sovereign. Over time, however, the idea of group rights for indigenous groups began to emerge. Indigenous societies claimed that their position was unique in view of the great damage to the independent political frameworks that they had maintained from time immemorial, their subjugation to a regime and lifestyle alien to their culture, and the limitation of the physical area in which they were forced to live. Their case, therefore, centered on revoking this perceived injustice and included demands to preserve sacred sites, traditional crafts, and customs as well as to honor preexisting treaties to the extent that such had been signed. These societies also insisted on their right to self-determination whether in the choice of group members or in the wider sense of sovereignty. The rights demanded were on behalf of the indigenous group and its common and collective character.4 As far as the European colonizers were concerned, legal rights vis-a-vis both preexisting populations and other colonizing nations were based on the doctrine of discovery. This maintained that sovereignty over and full ownership of a territory belonged to the nation that discovered the new land.5 This doctrine was upheld multiple times by the United States Supreme Court in the nineteenth century, and courts of additional nations followed suit.6 In Australia, the British Crown used the argument of terra nullius (empty land, namely an unoccupied territory with no sovereignty or recognized system of rights) to justify its classification as crown land.7 However, beginning in the eighteenth century, it was conceded in courts of various states that the population that lived in a territory before the advent of the Europeans did possess rights. Legal arguments focused on the question of whether, prior to the arrival of the colonizers, a system of land rights already existed in a specific territory that had to be taken into account, and if so, in what manner.8 Early attempts by indigenous peoples to bring their case before international forums began in the 1920s.9 Their first successes, however, came decades later when activity shifted from domestic arenas to regional, and later, international organizations. …" @default.
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• W135143013 date "2012-06-01" @default.
• W135143013 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W135143013 title "Are the Negev Bedouin an Indigenous People" @default.
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