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• W136129229 abstract "IntroductionThroughout history, gambling in its various guises has fluctuated from widespread popularity to social opprobrium and suppression. Following the temperance movement and prohibition in the USA in the early 1900s, gambling became relegated to the realm of illegality and was the purvey of gangsters and moral degenerates. In 1909, the Women's Civic League effectively lobbied the Nevada State Legislature to make gambling illegal, a restriction that lasted only 20 years (Puzo, 1976). Ironically, the stock market crash of the 1920s and the very forces that undermined gambling as a legitimate commercial recreational pursuit led to the establishment of Las Vegas as a small town located in a desert environment that existed for no other purpose than to offer a few Westernstyle casinos (Puzo, 1976). Remaining relatively dormant for three decades, commercial legal gambling began to manifest a growing resurgence in the mid 1960s with a burst of activity in the following decades. From its meager start in one state in the USA, gambling now represents a major business enterprise with casinos and/or other forms of gambling now present in 48 of the 50 states.The image of gambling has also witnessed an almost spiritual cleansing as political and legal agencies joined forces to exclude organized criminal elements and suppress corruption and money laundering associated with casino operations. Probity checks and government commissions resulted in the acceptance and spread of legal commercial gambling with its effects ultimately spreading beyond the borders of America to global regions.Legal commercial casino gambling is now an enterprise that incorporates many Western and Eastern Europe, the Australasia, Africa, the United Kingdom and Mediterranean countries but absent in the predominantly Islamic countries such as Indonesia and the Middle East where the Qur'an (Koran) prohibits gambling. The distribution of gross gaming revenue across international jurisdictions reflects the status of gambling as an important economic enterprise for industry and governments. For example, the gross gaming revenue of Nevada is USD $10.9 billion, a figure Macau surpassed in 2007. Macau reached USD$33.6 billion in gross gaming revenue in 2011. Singapore with just two casinos opening in 2010 has rapidly expanded with comparable levels of revenue achieved to date. Estimated projections suggest that global casino gaming revenue will achieve a compound annual rate of 9.5% to 2015 (Global Gaming Outlook, 2012). Affected by the global financial crisis, the rate for the USA is predicted to be 5% compared to the 18.3% for Asia over this period with Asia accounting for 43.5% and the USA for 40% of the total share of the market revenue (Global Gaming Outlook, 2012).Emerging technologies has further contributed to the rise of commercial gambling with this form accounting for 8% of the global gambling market (GBGC, 2011). With expected growth to continue at 12% annually, global Internet gross gaming yield is predicted to exceed US$43 billion by 2015 (GBGC, 2011).Irrespective of which perspective one adopts - clinical, public health, marketing/promotion, operator, or regulator - the fundamental foundation upon which gambling in contemporary society is built is policy, legislation and economics. Policy determines the scope and forms of the various forms of gambling that can be introduced into a jurisdiction, legislation sets the regulatory framework in which commercial gambling can be legitimately offered, and economics underpins the driving force behind supply and demand.William R. Eadington: Influence and achievementsWithin the above context, William R. Eadington stands as an intellectual above all others. Bill has, for over forty years, made a substantive contribution to commercial gambling not only in respect to influencing legislation and economics, but also in placing gambling at the forefront of scientific inquiry, and in attracting, mentoring and stimulating many other researchers into the field. …" @default.
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• W136129229 date "2012-10-01" @default.
• W136129229 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W136129229 title "Influencing International Foundations for Legalization, Policy and Commercial Gambling: A Tribute to William Eadington’s International Conference on Gambling and Risk Taking" @default.
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