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- W137218048 abstract "Factors such as mix design, batching, mixing and application influence the durability and strength of shotcret. It is of the greatest importance that the selection of cement and accelerating admixture be based on a realistic laboratory compatibility test. The Gilmore setting times (initial setting, 3 minutes maximum; final setting 12 minutes maximum) should be available with the cement and additive selected for a particular job. The compatibility tests will indicate the concentration which will provide the shortest possible set time. The procedure is outlined for the tests which will include several cement and additive brands. The gradation of a mix will greatly affect pumpability, flow through hoses, hydration at the nozzle, and adherence to the area sprayed. A grading chart for shotcrete mixes is presented. The grading of aggregates has little effect on compressive strength, although flexural strength, shear strength and bond qualities appear to increase in mixes containing maximum aggregate of at least 0.5 inch. Concrete mixes containing crushed rock usually yield higher test strengths than mixes containing gravel. The cement ratio is usually in the 7-bag per cu. yd. range for application underground. The shotcrete compressive strength is discussed and a graph is presented which illustrates the shotcrete compressive strength effect of accelerators on early and ultimate strength. It is noted that the loss in ultimate strength decreases with time. Testing the shotcrete strengths of different samples will show some variation in strength from test to test. The typical distribution curve is illustrated which represents 28 day strengths on a major tunnel project over a 3-month period. The scatter between tests is traced to the skill of the application crew and especially the performance of the nozzlemen. Other factors that may affect strength are accuracy in batching, mixing time, age of the dry mix, amount of additive curing and protection, sampling techniques, care of samples, and the performance in the laboratory. It is noted that flexural beam testing is often a better gauge of mixes and application than the standard core testing methods." @default.
- W137218048 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W137218048 date "1974-01-01" @default.
- W137218048 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W137218048 title "SHOTCRETE DURABILITY AND STRENGTH: A PRACTICAL VIEWPOINT" @default.
- W137218048 doi "https://doi.org/10.14359/17954" @default.
- W137218048 hasPublicationYear "1974" @default.
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