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• W137247633 abstract "The are spa spacing effect ced apart are r refers to the emembe red bet t fact er th that repetitions en those which ar which e adjacent or massed. Recently there has been a growing interest in this phenomenon in young children. The results of this small body of research, however, have been equivocal. For example, Cornell (1980) suggested that the spacing effect is the result of innate mechanisms, while Toppino and DiGeorge (1984) claimed that the spacing effect emerges with development. The present study was implemented in order to address issues raised by the above researchers and attempted to determine both the developmental course of the spacing effect, as well as some of the factors that may underly it. Experiment 1 was a modified replication of Toppino and DiGeorge's study. Ninety-six children (24 each from 4 age groups; preschool, kindergarten, 1st and 3rd grade) served as subjects. Each child was presented with 4 lists ( 2 of words and 2 of pictures) and received a 2 minute free recall test at the end of each list. Mode of presentation was audio-visual. Items were presented either once ( 1 ~ ) or repeated twice at spacings (or lags) of 0, 1 or 3 intervening items. The results showed that the spacing effect was obtained for all age groups with both words and pictures, suggesting that the spacing effect does not emerge with development, but rather, may be the result of more fundamental mechanisms. Experiment 2 focused on the role that very brief spacings, with no intervening items between repetitions, has on later retention. Ninety-six children served as subjects (24 each from preschool, kindergarten, 1st and 3rd grade). Each child was presented with 4 lists ( 2 of words and 2 of pictures) and received a 2 minute free recall at the end of each list. In addition to once presented items (1P) four different levels of spacing were included ( 0 , 1 . 1 , 2.5, and 5 secs.). The results of Experiment 2 demonstrated that the spacing effect was obtained using very brief blank intervals, for all age groups with both words and pictures. The results of Experiments 1 and 2 are discussed in terms of the role of retrieval operations in producing the spacing effect. Further discussion focuses on implications of these findings for various theories of the spacing effect as well as directions for future research and possible practical applications." @default.
• W137247633 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W137247633 creator A5004958864 @default.
• W137247633 date "1986-01-01" @default.
• W137247633 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W137247633 title "Developmental aspects of the spacing effect" @default.
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