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• W137273592 abstract "This article argues that the extent of the Egyptian military's engagement in, or withdrawal from, the political process and its subsequent professionalism have always been a reflection of the nature of the regime it served. While it was the preeminent institution in the political process during the 1950s and 1960s, it has since the 1970s accepted a subordinate role in a presidential system that both safeguards its interests but limits its direct influence in politics. No observer of the Egyptian political system can assert its democratic credentials without a great deal of controversy and disputation. On the other hand, no one can deny that a good degree of procedural democracy has taken hold of the political process whereby political parties have the constitutional (though limited) right to contest elections, newspapers expose corruption and criticize government policies, and courts reverse executive decisions, to name only a few manifestations of contemporary political and social life in Egypt. In fact, what has prevailed in Egyptian politics over the last quarter of a century has been an uneasy and gradual accommodation between a presidential system resting on the institutional dominance of the governing National Democratic Party and a range of political forces, religious movements, and economic elites. What democracy there exists depends on state and executive branch tolerance of ineffectual opposition groups representing either past dominant forces (e.g. the Nasirists) or emergent, yet dependent, elements in society and the economy. Underlying the emergence and development of this limited democratic outcome was the quiet sidelining or disengagement of the Egyptian military after its dominance of the political process during the heyday of the Egyptian Revolution of 1952. Such sidelining was begun by President Jamal 'Abd al-Nasir after the Egyptian defeat in the June, 1967, war with Israel and continued under his successor Anwar al-Sadat, culminating finally under President Husni Mubarak in a docile officer corps interested in preserving its material interests in exchange for unquestioned support for the regime and its domestic and international policies. This article argues that the extent of the Egyptian military's disengagement from politics has always been determined by the nature of the regime and executive leadership it serves. Subsequently, its professionalism has ebbed and flowed according to the degree to which such regime and leadership have allowed it to interfere in political matters and decision making.1 When the regime was a ruler regime2 between 1952 and 1970, the military was prominent in state institutions and political decisions. When the decompression of the early 1970s paved the way for the start of multi-party politics, the military respected the wishes of the political leadership under President Sadat and withdrew from active participation in politics. Since the early 1980s, this non-participation has led to the military's complete subordination to the civilianized authority of President Husni Mubarak. Throughout these periods of changing political roles, the Egyptian military remained the loyal repository of political power answerable only to a strong executive leadership in the person of a former military officer (the President) and sure of its privileged position within the polity. This article is organized in five sections. The first section will analyze the theoretical construct and elements of military disengagement as understood and utilized in this project. The second will discuss the ruler regime established by the Free Officers of the 1952 Revolution and the role the military played from 1952 to 1970. The third will detail President Anwar al-Sadat's approach to the military and his successful attempts to sideline the top brass. The fourth section will analyze the position of the military under President Mubarak and during the current period of multi-party politics. …" @default.
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• W137273592 title "The Egyptian Military in Politics: Disengagement or Accommodation?" @default.
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