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• W137276130 abstract "Diverse environments including rocky, sandy and muddy shores as well as mangrove forests, small isolated seagrass beds, and coral reefs are typical of the Pacific coast of Panamá. The coast is divided by the Azuero Peninsula into two major areas with contrasting oceanographic settings, the non-upwelling Gulf of Chiriquí to the west and the upwelling Gulf of Panamá to the east. The largest coral reef development is in the Gulf of Chiriqui. Whereas, cool upwelling waters are probably responsible for the poor development of coral reefs in the Gulf of Panamá. Most coral reefs and coral communities are located on islands distant from the mainland runoff and tidal exposure. The branching coral Pocillopora is the chief reef-builder in shallower areas (< 5 m) while massive Porites and Pavona play a more important role at greater depths. There are 23 zooxanthellate scleractinians plus three zooxanthellate milleporid corals currently reported for the Pacific coast of Panamá. Nineteen species are found in the Gulf of Chiriqui, and 17 species in the Gulf of Panamá. Of these, six species occur only in the Gulf of Chiriqui and four occur only in the Gulf of Panamá. The three most speciose coral genera are Pavona, Pocillopora and Psammocora with seven, five and four species respectively. Twenty-two coral reefs and coral communities are described in terms of their coral species richness. Coral reef studies in the Panamanian Pacific have focused around two main topics: (a) the reproductive ecology of coral species, and (b) the ecological responses of coral communities to El Niño sea warming. The former study has shown that the coral reproductive activity is related to thermal regimes and has resulted in five publications involving eight species in four genera. The latter is probably the most important natural disturbance influencing Pacific Panamanian reefs and is treated with five other natural disturbances including upwelling, subaerial exposures, dinoflagellate blooms, terrestrial runoff and Acanthaster planci which play important roles in structuring coral reef communities in Panamá. In addition, there are four main anthropogenic stressors influencing Panamanian reefs: coral extraction, ship groundings, herbicides, and overfishing. There are three National Parks and two Wildlife Refuge that include coral reefs or coral communities in the Panamanian Pacific. Additional aspects of management and protection of coral reefs related are addressed." @default.
• W137276130 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W137276130 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W137276130 modified "2023-10-11" @default.
• W137276130 title "Corals and coral reefs of the Pacific coast of Panamá" @default.
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• W137276130 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-044451388-5/50018-7" @default.
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