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• W137377329 abstract "White v. White, 293 S.W.3d 1 (Mo. App. W.D. 2009), transfer denied, No. SC90330, 2009 Mo. LEXIS 474 (Mo. Oct. 6, 2009). I. INTRODUCTION Who should qualify as a parent? Courts have grappled with this question for decades. To one court, [t]he best person to bring up a child is the natural parent. It matters not whether the is wise or foolish, rich or poor, educated or illiterate.... Public authorities cannot improve on nature. (1) Yet in a country where nearly four out of ten babies are born outside of wedlock, (2) approximately ten million children are raised by same-sex parents, (3) and about forty to forty-five percent of all marriages end in divorce, (4) few children are born to two committed, biological parents who raise their child together. Faced with this reality, some courts have allowed third parties to establish custody and assert parental rights through alternative doctrines to traditional parentage, such as de facto, in loco, and equitable parentage. (5) However, these alternative doctrines remain controversial and not all states have adopted or applied them in the same way. (6) Recently, the Missouri Court of Appeals, Western District held that a nonbiological lacked rights to the child of her former lesbian partner in White v. White. (7) The same-sex parents planned the pregnancy together, shared the costs, and jointly raised the child. (8) Yet, without a biological contribution or a marriage license recognized by the state, the court refused to grant the plaintiff parental rights. (9) This Note argues that Missouri should adopt a doctrine of alternative parentage that expands the definition of parent to include those in same-sex relationships who are not the biological or adoptive parents. (10) In Part II, this Note analyzes the facts and holding of White. Next, in Part III, this Note explores the Uniform Parentage Act and introduces the nontraditional forms of standing created by courts to allow third parties to obtain custody rights. Then, Part IV examines the court's rationale in White. Lastly, Part V explores why the court erred in its decision and why courts should recognize alternative forms of parentage. This Note concludes that by refusing to recognize the rights of same-sex parents, Missouri courts not only discriminate against gay parents, but they also discriminate against their children by refusing to recognize their rights to two legal parents. II. FACTS AND HOLDING In 1997, Leslea White and Elizabeth Michelle Crowe (Michelle) entered into a committed, intimate, same-sex relationship that exhibited many of the same characteristics as that of a heterosexual couple. (11) From the beginning of the relationship, the couple discussed having children and agreed to raise them together. (12) Leslea claimed that before the birth of their children, she and Michelle agreed that together they would raise and support any children born during their relationship. (13) Leslea alleged that this understanding continued throughout the relationship. (14) Subsequently, both women conceived a child by artificial insemination through the donation of the same anonymous sperm donor. (15) According to Leslea, the couple chose to conceive in this manner in order to create a biological bond between themselves and their children, in addition to the psychological bond that they hoped would develop by raising the children together. (16) In this way, Michelle gave birth to C.E.W. on December 15, 2001, and Leslea gave birth to Z.A.W. on July 27, 2004.17 The women shared the costs of the inseminations, pregnancies, and births. (18) Leslea also asserted that they attended the pregnancy-related medical appointments together and supported each other during the births, including cutting each other's umbilical cord. (19) Additionally, on September 12, 2002, after the birth of the couple's first child, Leslea claimed that Michelle legally changed her last name from Crowe to White so that all of the members of the family would share the same last name. …" @default.
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• W137377329 date "2010-09-22" @default.
• W137377329 modified "2023-10-01" @default.
• W137377329 title "Are You My Mother? Missouri Denies Custodial Rights to Same-Sex Parent" @default.
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