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• W137768 abstract "[O]ur people are improving in their dress, in their looks and in their manners, states an African-American character in Pauline Hopkins' first of four novels, Con tending Forces, published in 1900 (110). Faced with the fierce post-Reconstruction attacks on African-American civil rights and humanity, many African-American writers sought to demonstrate progress of the black race. What is striking about this particular statement is its assertion that African-Americans' physical features (their looks) are improving, implying that the race's progress is not only cultural but also biological. While Hopkins agreed with the majority of contemporary black writers that educational and moral progress was important to racial uplift, she also prescribed another remedy. Influenced by the eugenic belief in the of the human through better breeding, to quote the leading U.S. eugenist Charles Davenport in 1911, Hopkins advocated that African-Americans' genetic improvement was necessary for racial advancement and dependent on their marital choices (1). Calling for the commingling of white and black racial lines, Hopkins asserted that it would produce a genetically superior and eventually lead to the amelioration of African-Americans' political and social conditions. Hopkins' promotion of eugenics for racial uplift, however, was problematic. Given the racial, gender, and class prejudices of contemporary eugenics, her assimilationist agenda had the unavoidable effect of reinforcing its demeaning logic. The fact that a radical writer such as Hopkins appropriated eugenic tenets as one of the means for racial improvement points to the desperate situation that African Americans faced in the late-nineteenth and early-twentieth centuries. While segregation and disenfranchisement substantially blocked public avenues for social change, Hopkins, in order to construct a program for racial progress, turned to intimate areas of life--marriage and reproduction--that could be self regulated by African Americans. Her fiction manifests the power of coeval scientific discourses to set the framework and terms for many debates over racial and social equality. Surveying Hopkins' fiction while focusing on her eugenic agenda will enable us to study the employment of science to resist racism as well as explore the complex and intersecting constructions of race, gender, and class at the turn of the twentieth century. Hopkins' eugenic vision must be considered in light of her larger social and political response to contemporary problems. Without question, Hopkins was a literary pioneer who viewed her fiction as a way to combat stereotypes of black Americans. In giving this little romance expression in print, she wrote in the preface to Contending Forces, am not actuated by a desire for notoriety or for profit, but to do all I can to raise the stigma of degradation from my race (13). Calling attention to racist practices such as segregation and lynching, Hopkins' work as a fiction writer, journalist, and editor of The Colored American Magazine encouraged political protest among her readership. The radical nature of Hopkins' political position is evident from her leaving The Colored American Magazine after its change of ownership in 1904, when the accomodationist Booker T. Washington became the periodical's primary financial supporter. Writing in The Crisis, W.E.B. Du Bois later recalled Hopkins' departure: It was suggested to the editor ... that her attitude was not conciliatory enough (qtd. in Johnson 9). During a period that historian Rayford Logan describes as the nadir of African-American history because of entrenched and violent white racism, racial amalgamation is what, Hopkins felt, would ultimately resolve racial conflicts (88). By eliminating racial differences, biological assimilation would overcome deep-seated prejudices between the two races and put an end to racist practices such as segregation. …" @default.
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• W137768 date "2000-03-01" @default.
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• W137768 title "Eugenics and the Fiction of Pauline Hopkins" @default.
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