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• W140197928 abstract "The concept of Eltonian pyramids has been a cornerstone in mainstream textbooks dealing with food webs. The central dogma is that there is an upward flow of energy based on primary production. The energy captured and stored in organic molecules by photosynthesis is sufficient to support a certain production of primary grazers, which again may support a lesser production of primary predators, and so on. Since there is a considerable “tax” paid in the form of non-digestible matter and respiration losses between and within each trophic level, the production (and frequently the biomass) of each level will have a pyramidal form, and the number of links in a chain will be finite. The food chain length and the food web complexity will be determined largely by the system productivity and the efficiency of energy transfer between levels of the food chain. Embedded in this theory is also the pedagogically attractive concept of distinct trophic levels. This simplified concept of energy flow has, over the past 30 years, been thoroughly criticized and reformulated (Pimm 1982, Polis and Winemiller 1994). Firstly, almost all organisms are omnivores in the sense that they feed on more than one trophic level. Secondly, in all aquatic ecosystems this grazer food chain based on autotrophic production will be supported by a detritus-based food chain utilizing dead organic matter either of autochthonous or allochthonous origin (Odum 1968; Wetzel et al. 1972; Rich 1984; Wetzel 1995). In fact, in most ecosystems only a modest share of primary production will be directly grazed, leaving a major share for the detritus food chain (Odum 1971). There is also a strong recycling component in most systems, and the “detrital loops” based on recycled organic carbon also contradict the conventional one-way flow diagra ms (Patten 1985, Higashi et al. 1989, Gaedke et al. 1994)." @default.
• W140197928 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W140197928 creator A5040086177 @default.
• W140197928 date "1998-01-01" @default.
• W140197928 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W140197928 title "Food Webs and Carbon Cycling in Humic Lakes" @default.
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• W140197928 doi "https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-03736-2_12" @default.
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