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• W140976430 abstract "CHARLES DICKENS PREFERRED workers the way he preferred Victorian women: grateful for favors received, humble, patient, and passive. Conversely, although he understood the profound inequality and exploitativeness of Victorian society, Dickens feared the consequences of workers--among the most oppressed of these were women--taking their social destiny into their own hands. This paper attempts to make these points and to suggest that for the most part women in Dickens function as a close metaphor for workers. It was important for the author that male workers and their mates be saved from themselves. As we reached a degree of gender parity at the end of this end of this century, it is appropriate to make these gender and class connections. Expectations is Dickens's thirteenth and next-to-last completed novel and, unlike Hard Times, published seven years earlier (in 1854), social class is not its central focus. Nevertheless, the genealogies in this work show that virtually everyone is a victim of oppressive circumstances, if not of economics, then of a sexual or domestic disaster. Pip is from a family of five brothers, all deceased while they were still infants. Gargery's father beat his wife. Pip, Biddy, and Estella were orphaned or abandoned their parents. Miss Havisham's mother died when the girl was quite young. In this novel only Biddy appears to have emotionally survived a less-than-nurturing childhood. Molly, Jaggers's housekeeper and Estella's mother, as a youth had become a nasty girl when she strangled a rival in love. In such a pathological male world it is no wonder most of the women in Expectations don't sit the hearth darning their men's socks. The sympathetic reader will come to understand and eventually forgive the craziness, coldness, or callousnesss of such troubled women as Joe, Miss Havisham, Molly, and Estella. For these characters are no match for the novel's true villains: Joe's father, Compeyson, Drummle, and Orlick are genuine bad guys. They beat, abuse, or kill other people, usually women. The remainder of the men, while not nice people, notably Uncle Pumblechook, Jaggers, and Abel Magwitch, are nonetheless more humane; certainly they are not in the same league with Orlick and company. Nevertheless, when it came to the portrayal of women and madness, Dickens reveals many of the contradictions the author was little able to resolve. In his portrayal of women in Expectations, Dickens saw the world with almost the same unbalanced perspective as does Pip when Magwitch turns him upside down in the churchyard. Expectations, for example, contains four truly interesting women, interesting, that is, in their separate pathologies. Two are rather on the masculine side: Georgiana Maria Mrs. Joe (who raises Pip and often her husband by hand) and Molly (whose chief physical characteristic is her powerful--homicidal? wrists, not her womanly charms). The two others are the witch-like Miss Haversham and the emotionally impoverished Estella. Biddy, the fifth major female character, is the novel's one truly virtuous, patient, domestic woman, but as a character she is contrast bland, like most good women in Dickens. Crazy or crazed, cold, calloused, or criminal start to describe Miss Haversham, Estella, Joe, and Molly in that order. Biddy is, well, custodial. In any event these adjectives don't add up to a well-rounded portrayal of women. As early as June, 1841, thirteen years before the publication of Hard Times, at least one critic observed Dickens's sexual stereotyping. That year the writer made a trip to Scotland. During a dinner in Dickens's honor, John Wilson, a writer for Blackwood's Magazine, remarked that the only flaw in Dickens's works was his failure to portray the female character in all its fullness and complexity. Great expectations include repressed as well as social and class expectations in this book, and when the women fall victim to such expectations they go nuts. …" @default.
• W140976430 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W140976430 date "2000-03-22" @default.
• W140976430 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W140976430 title "Gender and Class in Dickens: Making Connections" @default.
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