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• W141228198 abstract "Over the past decades, science has shown that influent and effluent wastewater streams contain a wide variety of micropollutants (MPs) of possible toxicological concern giving a strong incentive for the implementation of tertiary treatment. Contamination by refractory organic substances significantly affects the viability of sustainable water reclamation strategies for treated municipal or industrial water effluents. This PhD thesis reports upon the application of biological activated carbon (BAC) filtration for tertiary treatment and MP removal. The primary objective was to better understand BAC removal mechanisms of up to 33 MPs with a broad range of physicochemical properties at environmentally relevant concentrations. Experiments were first carried out in batch reactors containing tertiary effluent and either new granular activated carbon (GAC) or preloaded BAC media (35,000 bed volumes filtered). Sodium azide (NaN3) was used as an inhibitor of aerobic microbial activity in batch experiments in order to discriminate for biodegradation from other potential mechanisms responsible for BAC performance. Average removal of compounds by adsorption on fresh GAC was 88% with no influence of NaN3. Average BAC removal was 72%, reduced to 59% after azide addition which showed that both, adsorption and biological activity are relevant removal mechanism for MPs on BAC. To further investigate the role of different removal mechanisms over the service life of different biofilters a filtration set up was constructed consisting of 14 laboratory scale columns with eight minutes empty bed contact time. Five columns packed with fresh anthracite and four columns with fresh GAC were operated in parallel. Five additional columns with preloaded BAC with an extra four years of operation receiving tertiary effluent in a full scale pilot plant were also set up. During approximately one year the columns were used for treating tertiary effluent spiked with a broad range of MPs at a target concentration of 2 mgbL-1. In some columns, aerobic biomass was inhibited by using NaN3 (500 mgbL-1), whereas allylthiourea (5 mgbL-1 ATU) was employed to specifically inhibit nitrifying bacteria. The absence of significant adsorption capacity on the anthracite columns allowed for the evaluation of the biodegradability of the analysed MPs. Once the biomass had colonized the anthracite media, approximately 15% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed by non-inhibited columns. The removal of several MPs also increased over time confirming the relevance of biological activity for the removal of MPs. The NaN3 inhibited column, showed no significant removal for a majority of MPs (except atenolol and diazinon). Out of 33 MPs, 19 were recalcitrant (l25%) to biodegradation under aerobic conditions with the other 14 exhibiting a diverse range of removal efficiency up to 95%. Through inhibition by ATU it was shown that nitrifying bacteria were important to the degradation of several MPs (furosemide, ketoprofen, caffeine, acetaminophen, gemfibrozil and lincomycin). The combination of adsorption and microbial activity in BAC filters provided g25% DOC removal after 35,000 bed volumes of tertiary effluent filtered and g50% removal of 31 of 33 studied MPs over the course of the filtration experiment (up to 45,000 bed volumes). Treatment with azide also showed that the removal of most of the compounds found to be biodegradable on anthracite biological filters was also enhanced by microbial activity occurring on BAC. Activated carbon adsorption can play a significant role in complementing biological treatment particularly for MPs that are not biodegradable but can be adsorbed. Microbial activity was not observed to enhance or alter the removal by adsorption of recalcitrant MPs. Nevertheless, a true synergistic effect of adsorption on biodegradation was found for sulfamethoxazole and sulfadiazine where additional removal by biodegradation was found in BAC compared to anthracite media. Removal was benchmarked against commonly used molecule parameters such as Log KOW or Log D without observing much correlation. In addition, the bioavailability of each MP in the presence of carbonaceous biofilm support was hypothesized to be related to how well the MP was retained by GAC. Indeed, results showed that the qualitative assessment of sorption of MPs on GAC and their removal efficiency in biofiltration experiments suggested that the interactions between MPs and the media are correlated to the MPsr bioavailability and consequently their removal by biodegradation. For most of the compounds, the performance of preloaded BAC media was similar to the BAC started with fresh GAC confirming the importance of biological activity to sustain the media performance over time. However the increased loading of OM and MPs significantly lowered the removal of several recalcitrant MPs (phenytoin, metolachlor, atrazin and carbamazepine). Overall, these findings describing the exact mechanisms of MPs removal over the life of BAC filters are of importance from the operational point of view of engineered BAC filtration as this process is expected to receive increasing attention in the future.n" @default.
• W141228198 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W141228198 date "2013-01-01" @default.
• W141228198 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W141228198 title "Understanding of micropollutant removal during biological activated carbon filtration" @default.
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