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- W142019769 abstract "General Electric(GE) invented the innovative proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) in 1955, but abandoned the concept in 1984. Ballard started to improve GE’s PEMFC in 1983 and developed a fuel cell bus in 1990, and soon became the global leader. Many international automakers began fuel cell car (FCV) development in the 1990s joining a fierce race to market. By 2000, many industrialized countries, including Japan, the United States, Europe, China, and South Korea, started to boost domestic PEMFC capabilities, intensifying the global fuel cell race. However, the FCV market never materialized. PEMFC technology remains immature and too expensive. Meanwhile, start-ups have found some niches, where PEMFC advantages could reasonably offset its disadvantages. Energetic sales activities have recently been noted in markets for backup power, auxiliary power, emergency power, material-handling power, battery chargers, toys, and educational kits. As yet, no companies have demonstrated net profitability in the PEMFC field." @default.
- W142019769 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W142019769 date "2013-01-01" @default.
- W142019769 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
- W142019769 title "History of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells and Direct Methanol Fuel Cells" @default.
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