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• W1422011990 abstract "This chapter focuses on the signaling pathways that play a role in activation of the innate immune system. Host defense in mammals is provided by innate and adaptive (or acquired) mechanisms of immunity, both able to discriminate between the self and non-self. In innate immunity, invading microbes are sensed either directly, through the release of cellular components, or indirectly through the deposition of lectins, C-reactive protein, or complement (C 3 b) on their outer membranes. To initiate an immunological response, the invading microbes must first be recognized. This occurs through a family of pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs). There are striking parallels between the pathway operated by the morphogen dorsal in embryonic flies, controlled by the Toll receptor and the mediation of the inflammatory response in mammals by IL-1. The Toll-like Receptor 4 (TLR4) differs from other TLRs because it requires the collaboration of other receptors, most notably CD14 and MD-2, though how these interact with LPS and how they interact with each other remains uncertain. There exist certain transcription regulatory factors like interferon regulatory factors (IRFs), first identified in the promoter region of the human interferon-β gene, that operate in both innate and in adaptive immunity. They recognize a consensus DNA sequence known as the IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) and are functionally active as homo- or heterodimers. It is involved in the regulation of protein kinases, it regulates gene transcription, and it acts as a protein–protein interaction motif involved in the recruitment of signaling complexes. Lastly the signaling and functional roles of sumoylation and proteasome complexes are also discussed in this chapter." @default.
• W1422011990 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1422011990 creator A5007964369 @default.
• W1422011990 creator A5028384228 @default.
• W1422011990 creator A5073789622 @default.
• W1422011990 date "2009-01-01" @default.
• W1422011990 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1422011990 title "Activation of the Innate immune System: The Toll-like Receptor 4 and Signalling through Ubiquitylation" @default.
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