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• W142272012 abstract "GATHERING CLOUDS FOR TURKISH JEWRY Model Citizens of the State: The Jews of Turkey during the Multiparty Period, by Rifat Bali, Fairleigh Dickinson, 2012, 540 pp.Reviewed by Mordechai ArbellThis book covers the history of Turkish Jewry from 1950 to the recent past. It is the third volume of a trilogy by Rifat Bali, the leading scholar of contemporary Turkish Jewish history, who resides in Istanbul. Not many books have been written on the Turkish Jews, and even fewer on the contemporary period. Bali has taken up the challenge of covering this period, and his comprehensive history is richly documented, easily readable, and in some instances reveals hitherto unknown facts. (The reviewer should mention that Bali has interviewed him as part of his exhaustive research for this book and mentions him in its pages.)It is not easy to describe Turkish Jewry because it is not homogeneous but, rather, diverse. It is comprised of Sephardim exiled from Spain, Byzantine Jews, Kurdish Jews in southern Turkey (Urfa, Diarbekir, Marash), Syrian Jews in the Hatay province (Iskendrun [Alexandreta]), Antakya [Antioch]), and Aramaicspeakingjews near the Iranian border (Van, Bashkale).The five volumes of Solomon Rosanes s History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire, along with the numerous books and articles by Abraham Galante describing Jewish life at the decline of the Ottoman Empire and during the early years of the Turkish Republic, provide the historical background. This volume covers the contemporary era, which also merits scholarly attention.During the three periods of Turkish/Ottoman history, Jews were accorded the second-class status of non-Muslims. Attitudes toward the Jews, however, varied from period to period. Under the Ottoman sultans (from the 1490s to the twentieth century), Jews were regarded with respect generally, and in some cases the Ottomans came to the aid of Jews in danger. Sultan Bayasid II (1447-1512) extended an invitation to the Jews expelled from Spain. Suleiman the Magnificent (1520-1566) intervened to save the Jews of Ancona (1556). Abdul Hamid I (1842-1918) intervened to prevent Jews' expulsion from Vienna (mid-seventeenth century). Jewish diplomats, governors, and medical doctors served in the sultans' palaces. It is not surprising that the Jewish communities were relieved at the rise of the Ottomans and the fall of the hostile Byzantines.Both Rosanes and Galante describe discrimination and blood libels against Jews and even pogroms, but these were perpetrated mainly by the Greek communities and not by the Turks. After the First World War, under the one-party-system rule of the Turkish Republic founded by Kemal Ataturk and Ismet Inonu, Turkish nationalism became ascendant. Jews were discriminated against, not as non-Muslims but as non-Turks.Bali deals with a different period, one far less congenial for the Jews. While Turkish nationalism continued, Islamism became resurgent, making gradual but steady gains until it finally prevailed in the twenty-first century. In this context, the most important event of this period was the birth of the state of Israel. Subsequently, the wars between Israelis and Palestinians and several Arab states stoked anti-Israeli feelings among devout Muslims, and Palestinian and Arab propaganda further incited these sentiments. This development had an impact on the Turkish Jewish community.One important topic that Bali addresses is the wealth tax law (November 1942). It involved imposing special taxes on non-Turkish and Donme (followers of the false messiah Shabtai Zvi, now called Sabbateans, who today are Muslims of Jewish origin) merchants and industrialists, which impoverished a large part of the Jewish population. He describes how, with the rise of the multiparty system, there seemed to be hope of recovering the losses incurred as a result of this law- but to no avail.The nationalistic republic initiated the cultural Turkification of the minorities. …" @default.
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• W142272012 title "Gathering Clouds for Turkish Jewry" @default.
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