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• W142779569 abstract "Introduction The increasing complexity of modern factory system has widened the hiatus between those who manage the industry and those who work in it. This gives rise to conflicts in labour-management relations, resulting in strikes/lockouts and ultimately the loss of production and hardships to the society. There is no single cause for industrial disputes anywhere in the world and the causes of industrial disputes in India are of various categories which differ not only from sate to state but also from industry to industry. Industrial dispute is not a personal dispute of one person and it affects a large number of workers having common interests. The ultimate manifestation of industrial conflicts is a strike on the part of workers and a lockout on the part of managers/ employers. Industrial disputes are symptoms of industrial unrest in the country. The present study has been made to assess the nature and causes of disputes in the public and private enterprises in Kerala. The assessment has been made on the basis of some well-defined variables, viz. causes of disputes, type of strikes, percentage of successful strikes, reasons for the success and failure of strikes. Methodology The study is descriptive in nature. The data required for the study was collected from employees in the public and private enterprises in Kerala based on a structured interview schedule. The universe of the study consisted of all the 4251 employees in the selected public and private enterprises (medium and large) in the state. Of these, 1393 employees were in the public sector and 2858 were in the private sector. For the intensive study 140 employees (10 per cent) from the public enterprises and 286 (10 per cent) from the private enterprises were selected through a stratified random sampling method. Data analysis was done through weighted mean and percentages. Causes of Disputes The causes of industrial disputes may be economic (i.e. demand for increase in wages, gratuity and other retirement benefits, bonus, house rent allowance, medical allowance, night shift allowance, conveyance allowance, paid holidays, reduction of working hours, better working conditions etc) political (i.e. vested interests of political parties rather than interests of labourers), personal (i.e. retrenchment, layoff, transfer, promotion, indiscipline and violence etc) and miscellaneous (i.e. modernisation of plant etc.). The perceptions of the employees reveal 'wages and allowances' as the first cause of the disputes (Table I). Next to wages, bonus comes as the second cause in the private sector. But respondents in the public sector ranked 'other factors' as the second and 'violation of agreement' as the third cause of disputes. Meanwhile, employees in the private sector ranked 'other factors' as the fifth cause and 'violation of agreement' as the fourth. The above findings on the causes of disputes are in agreement with some earlier research findings by Bhangoo (1995), Jacob (2002) and Mathur (2003). Type of Strikes Workers and management in an industry resort to various forms of unrest to show their anger and disagreement regarding matters of employment. Industrial unrest takes an organised form when the working class make common cause of their grievance against the employer by way of strikes, demonstrations, picketing, morchas, gate meetings, gheraos etc. Strike is the most spectacular sign of industrial discontent and it is an index of measuring the industrial peace in the economy. It is considered as the most powerful weapon in the hands of workers/trade unions for forcing the management to accept their demands. The strike may be of many types apart from primary and secondary strike, such as stay away strike, sit down and stay in strike, tools and pen down strike, token or protest strike, lightening or cat call strike, go slow, hunger strike, sympathetic strike etc. The other forms of strikes are picketing, boycott and gheraos. …" @default.
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• W142779569 date "2008-07-01" @default.
• W142779569 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
• W142779569 title "Nature & Causes of Disputes in Public and Private Enterprises in Kerala" @default.
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