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- W142780377 abstract "The World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 50 ppm and the US maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 45 ppm for nitrate in drinking water are established for the protection of infants from methemoglobinemia. The WHO guideline for nitrite is 3 ppm and the MCL 1 ppm. The water must also be microbiologically safe. The toxicity results from conversion of nitrate to nitrite in vivo, with reduced oxygen transport by hemoglobin to tissues in the body, producing symptoms of oxygen deficiency. Bacterial contamination of water, and gastrointestinal infections and inflammation with ensuing production of nitric oxide, are major factors that may contribute to methemoglobinemia. Vitamin C has been shown to have a protective effect. Food and drinking water are the major sources of exposure to nitrate and nitrite, both of which are active in the nitrogen cycle in the body. Epidemiological studies on reproductive outcomes and thyroid effects are suggestive but inconclusive. However, data (primarily in children) on respiratory tract infection, diarrhea, and stomatitis are very limited and not convincing. Results were conflicting in studies of childhood diabetes mellitus. Animal studies were negative for teratogenicity for both sodium and potassium nitrate and nitrite, whereas sodium nitrite produced mortality, reduced growth and hematological changes in the offspring. Acute, subchronic, and chronic animal toxicity studies showed low toxicity for nitrate; a long-term study showed a slight depression in growth rate. The acute toxicity of nitrite includes relaxation of smooth muscle, vasodilation, and lowering of blood pressure; methemoglobinemia and histopathological changes in the lungs and heart of rats were observed in a long-term study. Genotoxicity studies showed mostly negative responses for nitrate and both negative and positive responses for nitrite. Carcinogenicity studies of nitrate alone were negative. Data suggest an association of ingested nitrate and nitrite with increased carcinogenic risk when considering endogenous nitrosation." @default.
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- W142780377 date "2011-01-01" @default.
- W142780377 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W142780377 title "Nitrate and Nitrite in Drinking Water: A Toxicological Review" @default.
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- W142780377 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-52272-6.00563-8" @default.
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