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- W1439365526 abstract "Pelvic inflammatory disease contributes the most to the increase in ectopic pregnancies in the world. Low progesterone levels are linked to poor ovum transfer and limited activity at the fimbrial end of the Fallopian tube. Treatment with low dose progestin adversely affects tubal and uterine motility and progestins do not always prevent ovulation. Thus progestin contraceptives may heighten the risk of ectopic pregnancy. They include the progestin only pill (POP) injectables progestin releasing IUDs vaginal rings and implants. Even though the POP has a higher ectopic pregnancy rate than combined oral contraceptives (0.34/100 women years vs. 0.05/100 women years) its risk is lower than that of IUDs and for women who do not use contraceptives. The risk of ectopic pregnancy varies with the specific progestin. the incidence of ectopic pregnancy is considerably lower with a POP containing lynestrenol than it is with those containing d-norgestrel or norethisterone (p<.001). The dose may determine protective effectiveness. Clinical studies demonstrates a significantly higher ectopic pregnancy rate for women using IUDs releasing 2 mcg of levonorgestrel/day than for those using IUDs releasing 20 or 30 mcg/day (4.22 vs. 0.2 and 0;p<.05). Clinical trials do not show that implants influence the ectopic pregnancy rate. The ectopic pregnancy rate for the vaginal ring releasing 20 mcg of levonorgestrel/day is only 0.2. a case control study of the association between ectopic pregnancy and progestin contraceptives should include a control group of nonpregnant women to alleviate methodological problems encountered in other studies. Numerous studies indicate that ovulation occurs in about 70% of women who undergo ectopic pregnancy surgery within 30 days so these women should use contraceptives immediately after surgery. Health providers should advise women with a history of ectopic pregnancy to use combined oral contraceptives." @default.
- W1439365526 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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- W1439365526 date "1992-10-01" @default.
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- W1439365526 title "Progestogen only contraceptives and ectopic pregnancy." @default.
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