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• W145348090 abstract "In some ways, motherhood is one of the most unnatural conceptions on earth. The idea that femininity is, in essence, motherhood, and that mothering means tending our own biological children in a full-time way at home, is an historical construction which came to dominance across the Western world only from the mid-nineteenth century onward. And yet this identity has penetrated deeply into our psyches, as the 2004 ABC television programme Missed Conceptions has poignantly shown, so that women who remain childless often feel desperately incomplete. This article will explore how an earlier prescriptive model of femininity - the good woman as an obedient and productive housewife - was replaced with the new doctrine of motherhood, and how certain groups of women negotiated the ideology. I will consider, first, the large public pressures driving the changes in prescriptive femininity and then how working-class mothers and single childless women, two groups who did not move easily with the historical flow, navigated the gushing maternal waters.1 My focus will be especially upon Britain, France, and the United States, and I will refer to other articles in this Special Issue where the Australian dimension is more deeply probed. Motherhood in three master narratives of western history Whatever women's own feelings were, from the mid-eighteenth century onwards, powerful public authorities and systems of knowledge were revaluing motherhood. Before I can survey some public processes involved in the change, I must first evoke the 'time before', a construct that historians often use in order to map and explain change. The prescriptive regime that characterised the time before came out of the Reformation and CounterReformation of the sixteenth century, and was sustained both by church and state. The Protestant Reformation brought the Virgin Mary down to earth with a thud and sidelined her, while the Catholic Counter-Reformation positioned her as an obedient wife to a rejuvenated St. Joseph.2 By extension, ideal human femininity involved a woman becoming a productive housewife who showed the same divinely-sanctioned obedience to her husband, father, or master, as she did to her Prince and her God. In real life, one author of the Reformation, the former monk Martin Luther, married the ex-nun Catherine von Bora and they raised six children in a model household. Two hundred years later, in colonial America, the highest praise a woman could earn was the words 'ever obedient' on her gravestone.3 However, this model of the obedient housewife began to be destabilised by three master narratives of Western history: viz. nation-building, middle-class formation, and the development of biological paradigms in Western science and medicine. The emergence of two revolutionary nations, France and the United States, heralded a new century of nation-building. Even older states, like Great Britain which had been a centralised realm since the fourteenth century, faced a re-stabilisation task after the shock waves of the French Revolution and the dislocations of the Napoleonic Wars. For all these emerging and retrenching nations, population politics came high on the agenda, not only as an index of national strength but also as a promise of the benefits a nation state could offer to its citizens. In specific countries, population politics could move in opposite directions or contain huge contradictions. Thus France, under the Old Regime, as well as under the revolutionary governments, remained resolutely pronatalist and chronically convinced that the population was either static or falling. By contrast, in Britain, Parson Malthus proposed his dismal law of mismatch between the growth of population and food supply, and insisted that only those who could feed their families should reproduce, otherwise their children 'must starve'. The Malthusian tendency to try to check population growth became public policy in the 18305.4 In the United States, Anglo-Saxon Protestant births were encouraged, and black slaves were forced to breed like livestock, but Native Americans as well as Catholic and Jewish migrants from Europe were regarded with anxiety from the time of the Irish famine migration in the late 18403. …" @default.
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• W145348090 date "2005-07-01" @default.
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• W145348090 title "Constructing and contesting motherhood, 1750-1950" @default.
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