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• W1465213360 abstract "Benvenuti focuses on the paradoxical interrelation of a globalizing world and the simultaneous need for regional and local room for manoeuvre. He stresses that it is especially functionalist and/or structuralistic theories that are blocking the right kind of analysis that render visible the potential for local initiatives. LOCAL GOVERNMENT, ECONOMIC SYSTEMS, RESEARCH. Invited to deliver a paper on the relationship between central regulation and the potential for local initiatives, I commented to the organizers that this topic has been a focus for discussion under different guises in the social sciences throughout the postwar period. In fact, discussions about such themes as broad as centrum-periphery relations; authoritarian versus democratic planning; dependency; cooperation amongst farmers as well as nations; social organisations as well as state organisation, and a good many more fields of interest for a whole plurality of social disciplines seem to form a perennial hobby of our scientific forums. As far as one can oversee the state of the art, it seems still far from having produced an uncontradictory body of knowledge. In fact, the theme is one of the most elusive and ambiguous even for current theories of democracy. I can hardly hope, therefore, to deliver here a clear-cut vision on the matter. Nevertheless, there is ample scope for drawing the attention of research workers to certan dimensions or aspects of th.e topic that have seemingly acquired a renewed relevance within the development trends of the last years. ' The opinions expressed in this document are solely the responsibility its author. The latter is grateful to Drs. R. Agelink Amsterdam University and to M. Miele and G.L. Brunori Pisa University for their comments on a previous draft the paper. Optwns A / no 23, 1993 Strengthening endogenous development patterns in agriculture CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens Talking of central. regulation, free market, participation, rationalisation, the Economic System, tailor-made technology, 'professional' agriculture and similar Jack-of-all-trades concepts Let me start by recalling three vicariously related facts. First: On top of existing insights, the very macroscopic historical experience of these last years of former Eastern Block European countries shows by itself quite concretely that, notwithstanding the amount .-of allegedly available power, central planning becomes increasingly difficult, counterproductive, and in the end utterly impossible because of the rapidly growing scale and complexity of the systems or processes in question. And hence (thus declares the rather trivial dominant version of facts), at the level even less than at a practical level, valid alternatives to the market economy system are still far from being perceivable at present. And, to make the simplification even more incisive and easy-going, this said system is handily labelled as 'free market'. Second: It is a sad acquisition that, in spite of a lot of good intentions, wishful thinking, and generous personal efforts on the side of whole squadrons of social scientists, technicians and animators in the fi ld, so far most a tempts at furthering autochthonous/endogenous/bottom-up local development have generally had a hard time surviving even for a while let alone having had the time to consolidate or further prosper as such. And because of this tendentiously steady negative outcome, scientists who uphold the current deterministic view that the legitimacy of any scientific concept, theory, world-view or procedure depends on its assessed capacity to function (to 'work'), tend to deny the legitimacy itself of socio-economic and socio-political theories based on concepts of the above sort. In 'the opinion ofsuch scientists, it is far better40 put the whole idea of autochthonous development out of one's head. But a second notion -'that proves very hard to get into the heads of the addicts of positivism is the 'tautological' character of many feed-back mechanisms of the social construction of reality. And positivism fares quite well amongst the present technosciences (I will come back later to the social sciences). Third: It takes little to, conclude that the generalized failures to launch locally based, self-sustaining development can be seen neither as a random effect nor as the result of unavoidable natural laws like gravitation, or Einstein's general relativity. However, the dominant disciplinary socio-economic and socio-political paradigm shows contemporarily a truly curious and remarkable lack of interest for gaining a well underpinned knowledge of the cause of such near-to-systematic failing. In this regard one can actually speak of the existence of a kind of 'black hole' of 'respectable' (canonical) scientific knowledge. Then one is tempted to wonder whether this void of theory is in turn purely casual or whether it can be seen as (a manifestation of) some kind of selective affinity with the major practical developmental tendencies of western society (or as a theoretical Co-variation thereof). . . Options CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens will summarise my basic feelings regarding the above set of questions with three different considerations. First: Be it as it may, the three facts recounted above have so far manifested a clear functionality to the views presently dominant if any, in sheer quantitative terms at the politico-economic and technological level in diffusing and imposing one and the same market economy model, as well as one and the same development pattern. That is, even when the principle of the primacy of economic expansion at all costs is mitigated in the public ideology by one or another smoke screen, at present the public legitimacy of an absolute priority assigned to economic expansion is still far from being successfully challenged by any opposite conception or theory of similar following (irrespective of the level of complexity or danger that this primacy might entail for present or future generations). This implies that a teleology of is being actively supported by those who expect to reap the most comparative rewards from this expansionism (its High Priests speaking now of to consolidate an This system teleology can be distinguished by two basic traits: On the one hand the image or notion of more effectively by those who favour the teleology than by its possible opponents; and on the other, its nature has something of a new God-Moloch to which all must be sacrificed just as the biblical Jehova could ask Abraham to kill his own son Isaac even against his deepest tribal ethics, so the High Priests of this teleology do not cease also to ask for legitimate independence from ethics2. in the expanding economic spaces and ivision of labour, which, in turn, increasingly of labour force, destruction of capital, of know-how and of nature, increasing RAD. to the sacrifice of other investment goals and still more. Consequently, the economic system, together fragmented) institutional and individual inputs. By the same token, such an economic system is forced to rely more and more on the formal dimensions of social relations, on formal institutions, formal definitions of roles, formal agreements and channels, formally defined economic spaces and last but not least whole arrays of ad-hoc, deliberately formalised scientific and professional knowledge. Of course this is not to say that in Which means that The Economic System -with its ideology has emerged as a kind economic dimension of life from the wider spectrum of other moral dimensions constitutive of a given social context (as well as from the still wider gamut of existing social contexts. In this sense Marxian ideology has the same function). For examples on the occasion of his recent proposal for the constitution of a great North American Free Trade Area, President Bush decided that: “the principal challenge facing the U.S.A. now is the competition in a global market hat changes and expands rapidly.” (Corriere della Sera, AUG. 13,1992, translation B.B.). That is, a trade area strongly expansionist towards the exterior, thanks to ad hoc institutional means, and strongly protectionist towards the internal market due to a corresponding set of institutional measures. 2 CIHEAM Options Mediterraneennes Serie A: Seminaires mediterraneens" @default.
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• W1465213360 title "On the relationship between central regulation and the potential for local initiatives: some reflections on the growing scope for more and better research." @default.
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