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• W146770821 abstract "Licensed Professional Counselors are required to complete 25 hours of continuing education in their field to retain licensure. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of professional's multicultural competencies. Results of this study identified specific areas of training for the development of adult education programs for these professionals. Licensed Professional Counselors (N = 207) were surveyed using the Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge and Skills Survey (MAKSS). A majority of survey participants reported insufficient competencies in defining culture and identifying values that may oppress minorities. They also reported insufficient understanding of the multicultural concepts of pluralism, contact hypothesis, and encapsulation. Furthermore, respondents reported insufficient skills in analyzing culture, assessing people from diverse cultural/racial/ethnic backgrounds, and critiquing multicultural research. Comparisons of ratings of multicultural competencies between professionals who received training prior to 1990 and those who were trained after 1990 determined insufficient competencies in the former group to be ameliorated. Multicultural training is critical to adult education. Adult education strives to educate competent, effective professionals capable of interacting with people who are culturally different from themselves (Gallos & Ramsey, 1997; Ross-Gordon, 1991; Taylor, 1994; Weinstein-Shr, 1996). The implications of multiculturally incompetent professionals are serious (Walker, Fischer, & Phillips-Miller, 1999). Although multicultural training received a great deal of attention in the last decade, many feel the quality is inadequate (Arredondo, 1994; Atkinson, 1994; McNeill, Horn, & Perez, 1995; Locke, 1990; Whitfield, 1994). It has been noted that approximately 90 percent of all counseling programs offer course work in multicultural interactions; but few prepare practitioners to be multiculturally proficient (Das, 1995; Gardner, 1981). Many are seriously lacking the skills, attitudes, training and sensitivity to effectively engage individuals of different ethnic and cultural backgrounds. This may be a direct result of America's training programs not being equipped to provide professionals preparation for the demands that will be placed on them (Gardner, 1981). Recognizing the lack of multicultural competencies that may be evident among professionals, trainers have sought to enhance skills in this area. Two adult education studies have been conducted to determine whether multicultural competencies of professionals can be enhanced. In the research of Walker, Fischer, and Phillips-Miller (1999) a general multicultural adult education program was designed, implemented and evaluated to provide in-service training for practicing professionals with little or no pre-servlce exposure to multicultural training. The training was designed to increase professionals' awareness, knowledge, and skills. Participants were evaluated to assess changes in the three basic areas. Results demonstrated that training did significantly enhance participants' competencies. Byington, Fischer, Walker, and Freedman (1997) investigated the effectiveness of a training program designed to enhance the multicultural competencies of professionals in the areas of ethics and assessment of people from diverse backgrounds. The Multicultural Counseling Ethics and Assessment Competency Scale (MCEACS) was developed to measure participants competencies. Results of the study indicated consistent positive changes. Recognizing the need for an effective and specific adult education multicultural training program for professionals, this study sought to ascertain multicultural deficiencies that would provide guidance for developing such a training. The purpose of this study was to investigate the level of professional's multicultural competencies. More specifically, to determine the level of licensed professional counselors' competencies and make comparisons among groups of counselors to identify specific areas where insufficient competencies may exist. …" @default.
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• W146770821 title "Multicultural Awareness, Knowledge and Skills: Directions for Adult Education Training Programs." @default.
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