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• W147570056 abstract "I. Introduction The slowly leaked from the tank. It entered the soil and eventually migrated down the slope of the hill. Over time, gravity did its work, and the reached the small stream not far away. The slick on the water grew and grew, covering more and more water. Eventually, the covered the shorelines, and wildlife was harmed. When the spill was discovered, there was no rush to clean it up. The party merely stopped the leak and eventually paid a fine, leaving the damaged saturated with oil. This situation occurs many times across the United States every year. Why was there no clean up? Why was there no rush to remove the oil? This scenario occurs because the spill took place in Kansas, where federal court judges have ruled that spills that do not threaten in fact fall under the Clean Water Act, not the Oil Pollution Act.1 The result of this course of judicial action is that facilities across the country located near small waterways may not have adequate procedures to respond to such spills. Additionally, since the facility owner will pay only limited removal costs, he has little incentive to reduce the risk of spills in the future. The environment remains harmed because there may not be a complete clean-up of the spill. This is the result of the federal judiciary's approach to the problem of spills that threaten small bodies of water. This Note will examine how the federal judiciary has approached a very important subject: the geographic scope of the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA).2 Generally, the OPA has been seen as a successful piece of legislation,3 but many of the cases that have interpreted the OPA have uncovered a significant problem. The OPA applies to discharges of that occur in or threaten navigable waters.4 However, the courts have been far from uniform in defining this term . The proper scope of the definition of navigable waters is of vital importance because the OPA is this country's key piece of legislation regarding spills. The majority of courts that have interpreted the term navigable waters under the OPA, however, have failed in their duty of applying the law according to the intent of Congress.5 In Part III, this Note examines how courts have defined navigable waters under admiralty law, the OPA, and the Clean Water Act (CWA). In Part IV, this Note rejects the current approaches used to interpret the OPA as inconsistent with congressional intent and the policy reasons behind the OPA. Finally, Part V concludes that the courts should adopt an interpretation of navigable waters under the OPA that mirrors the interpretation used in cases involving the same term under the CWA. This conclusion is guided by many factors. The relationships among environmental protection, the most effective liability scheme, and congressional intent and power are all key to determining how the term navigable waters should be interpreted by courts. Before turning to the major sections of this Note, a brief summary of the major provisions of the OPA is in order. II. Background: A Brief History of the Oil Pollution Act The Oil Pollution Act of 1990(6) was signed into law on August 18, 1990 with the purpose of creating a new legal framework for the discharge of into the of the United States.7 The OPA was passed in the wake of one of the worst spills in this nation's history-the Exxon Valdez spill in Prince William Sound, Alaska.8 The OPA was designed not only to address spills but also to reduce all marine pollution through new requirements on crew manning, vessel construction, and response plannin .9 The goal was to create a comprehensive pollution statute.10 Accordingly, the OPA has been described as covering oil pollution liability, compensation, prevention, response and contingency planning, removal, research, and development.11 The OPA establishes that the owner or operator of a vessel or facility (the responsible party) is strictly liable for the clean-up costs and damages caused by an spill. …" @default.
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• W147570056 date "2002-04-01" @default.
• W147570056 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W147570056 title "OPA's Reach: The Geographic Scope of Navigable Waters under the Oil Pollution Act of 1990" @default.
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