FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1479887430> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1479887430 endingPage "113" @default.
• W1479887430 startingPage "112" @default.
• W1479887430 abstract "Ohtake (2008) has three important conclusions. First, income inequality in Japan has increased. Second, the income gap has been greater in the USA than in Japan. Third, in contrast to Japanese society, Americans are comparatively more tolerant of their widening income gap caused by academic background and inborn talent, and also believe that their society has given them an equal opportunity to become rich. Income inequalities are rising in many advanced capitalist democracies, including Japan. This has sparked debate on their causes and on the capacity of welfare states and social policies to counter market inequities. Postwar Japan has been known to have a fairly egalitarian income distribution, underpinned by lifetime employment, a seniority-based wage system, and corporate welfare. The role of the state is more circumscribed than in many Western capitalist economies, and this has limited the growth of government spending and the tax burden. However, income inequality has also been rising in Japan. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD, 2006, chapter 4), the Gini and the ratio between the top and bottom of disposable income have risen above the OECD average. The main reasons for rising income inequality in Japan are identified as population aging and the growing phenomenon of labor market dualism (“freeters” in Ohtake, 2008). A significant increase in Japanese inequality during the 1980s was due to the aging population. How the aging population affects income distribution needs a clearer explanation in Ohtake (2008). The OECD (2006) identified three channels. First, the rising percentage of the elderly population raised the overall level of inequality because of larger between-group income differences. Second, inequality among those over age 65 is higher than for those below age 65. Third, an increasing proportion of the elderly are living on their own, thus increasing the number of households with older persons reporting low incomes. Social expenditures in Japan are focused largely on the elderly, mainly insurance systems for pensions, health care, and long-term nursing care. With Japan aging rapidly, Ohtake could explore the various policy options facing the Japanese government. Ohtake notes that income inequality especially increased within the age groups below age 39, due to the rapid growth of “freeters” (nonregular workers). The OECD (2006) noted that the proportion of nonregular workers has risen from 19% of employees in 1994 to 29% in 2004. These include young people on temporary contracts, married women working part-time, and older persons who are rehired on fixed-term contracts. One quarter of employees in the 20–24 age group and over half of women employees are nonregular workers, and they are most prevalent in the service sector and in smaller firms. These nonregular workers are paid lower wages. They rose rapidly in the 1990s following an easing of government restrictions on temporary employment. Many of these workers are not included in enterprise-based social insurance schemes. In a country where lifelong employment acted as a social safety net covering everything from health care, housing loans to retirement funds, the social impact has been devastating. Although introduced during the recession years, labor market dualism could become entrenched even with economic recovery. Ohtake notes that since nonregular workers are likely to earn much less over the course of their lifetimes, they will contribute to a widening income gap in the future. Ohtake could explore possible solutions to rising inequality caused by this labor market dualism. There is a growing debate in advanced capitalist democracies on what factors shape societal attitudes and values toward support for government redistributive policies, and how these attitudes vary across countries according to level of economic development or income inequality. For example, do countries with higher levels of income inequality also have higher support for redistribution policies? Are those with higher education, higher incomes, or greater job security less likely to support redistribution policies? Are those more vulnerable groups and most likely to benefit from welfare programs more likely to support redistribution policies? Ohtake highlights interesting differences between Japan and the USA in levels of awareness about the income gap and attitudes toward the different determinants of income inequality. Although the rise in income inequality is less in Japan than in the USA, there appears to be a greater awareness and concern over the phenomenon in Japan, and a greater acceptance of income redistribution through taxation and social security policy. This reflects the fact that an equal income distribution is far more strongly supported in Japan than in any other OECD country. Also, there has been a growing unease caused by the “freeters” phenomenon and the growing adoption of a performance-based wage system. Hence, the Japanese appear to prefer income inequality arising from choice/effort and are averse to income inequality arising from inborn talent, academic background, and luck. The Japanese traditional wage system was based mainly on “evaluating the length of an employee's overtime work and his effort.”“Academic background” in the Japanese perception survey is taken to mean “the old school tie network” rather than academic qualifications and considered an undesirable income determinant. What is not highlighted in Ohtake's paper are two possible departures from the Japanese preference for traditional “choice/effort.” They refer to the growing numbers of young Japanese university graduates and women who are employed by foreign firms in Japan in recent years and who have benefited from the departure from the traditional wage system." @default.
• W1479887430 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1479887430 creator A5036849936 @default.
• W1479887430 date "2008-06-01" @default.
• W1479887430 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
• W1479887430 title "Comment on “Inequality in Japan”" @default.
• W1479887430 cites W2089384352 @default.
• W1479887430 doi "https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-3131.2008.00095.x" @default.
• W1479887430 hasPublicationYear "2008" @default.
• W1479887430 type Work @default.
• W1479887430 sameAs 1479887430 @default.
• W1479887430 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W1479887430 crossrefType "journal-article" @default.
• W1479887430 hasAuthorship W1479887430A5036849936 @default.
• W1479887430 hasBestOaLocation W14798874301 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C100243477 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C110121322 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C111472728 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C129603779 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C132000672 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C134306372 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C138885662 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C145236788 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C149923435 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C2908647359 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C33923547 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C34447519 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C4249254 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C45555294 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C47768531 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C513380476 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C519300510 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C54531595 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConcept C94625758 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C100243477 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C110121322 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C111472728 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C129603779 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C132000672 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C134306372 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C138885662 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C144024400 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C145236788 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C149923435 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C162324750 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C17744445 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C199539241 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C2908647359 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C33923547 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C34447519 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C4249254 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C45555294 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C47768531 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C513380476 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C519300510 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C54531595 @default.
• W1479887430 hasConceptScore W1479887430C94625758 @default.
• W1479887430 hasIssue "1" @default.
• W1479887430 hasLocation W14798874301 @default.
• W1479887430 hasOpenAccess W1479887430 @default.
• W1479887430 hasPrimaryLocation W14798874301 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2003768532 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2021585927 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2029110311 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2066698870 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2077447782 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2219817649 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2358721742 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W2974167960 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W3121620017 @default.
• W1479887430 hasRelatedWork W4378528097 @default.
• W1479887430 hasVolume "3" @default.
• W1479887430 isParatext "false" @default.
• W1479887430 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W1479887430 magId "1479887430" @default.
• W1479887430 workType "article" @default.