FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1480454238> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1480454238 abstract "DURING THE 1980s, ISLAMIC ACTIVISTS IN THE Arab Middle East have challenged the definition of legitimate authority and provided the means and rationale for revolutionary change, hoping to pressure established governments to alter domestic and foreign policies. No nation-state has been immune. Fearful Arab nationalist leaders, unwilling or unable to abandon decades of ideological baggage, have begun a gradual, if erratic, process of melding the spirit and letter of Islamic precepts into existing national laws and political rhetoric. The rivalry between Arabism and Islam was given momentum by the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979, assassination by Islamic conservatives in 1981 of Egyptian president Anwar al-Sadat, and reconfiguration of Lebanon's confessional state during the 1980s. Arabism and Islam became actual combatants during the Iran-Iraq war of the 1980s when Middle Easterners--acutely aware that the governments of these respective countries were political paradigms for Islam and Arabism--warily envisioned a final, catastrophic battle in which an undisputed victor would emerge. Instead, an inconclusive ceasefire in 1988 and the death of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1989 left the fundamental dilemma unresolved. Arabism remains the seated authority, but previous assertions about its advocates' right-of-succession are moot and ideological substance is beleaguered. Meanwhile, Western governments, perplexed by the violence and accusations of their own role in the unfolding drama, have struggled to understand these events and create appropriate policy. Never before have superpower statecraft and warships been so impotent against an implacable, elusive adversary with such devoted adherents. Explosive devices, delivered as human car bombs, destroyed the United States embassy in Beirut, Lebanon in April 1983, killing 49 and wounding 120. In October of that year, the American and French military headquarters there were similarly destroyed with a loss of 241 Americans and 56 Frenchmen. An unseen, guiding hand seemed to be motivating and orchestrating terrorist incidents internationally. Knowledge--quite literally wisdom about the Middle East sought by objective observers--is meanwhile viewed by Islamic activists as at least as, if not more threatening than Western force. Its acquisition, however well intended, is paradoxically perceived to bestow power in its most intrusive, pernicious, and manipulative sense. This assertion is evident in the selection of foreigners assassinated and kidnapped in the Middle East since the Islamic revolution in Iran in 1979. In an unusual departure for terrorist groups, the majority of victims targeted as single individuals are civilians who have been the most sympathetic to traumas suffered by the Arab and Islamic worlds. Thus was Malcolm Kerr, president of the American University in Beirut, whose family had long been committed to the Arab Middle East, assassinated in 1984. Two years later, a revolutionary group calling itself Islamic Jihad released a photograph of the corpse of French hostage Michel Seurat, a respected scholar of the Arab-Muslim world. Terry Anderson, a journalist renowned for his deep attachment to the region, was taken hostage in 1985 and has been held longest in captivity. Many other victims--some married to Middle Easterners and others involved in humanitarian and educational work--remain hostage and have died in captivity as this is being written in early 1990. This paper does not presume to offer policy solutions, but to provide the first step in their formulation--a context in which the political landscape of the Arab-Islamic world can be understood. That Islam has been reinvented by political activists as a vehicle of rejection, sometimes violent, is not surprising. This phenomenon has occurred frequently over the centuries. More perplexing, why and how have Islam and Arabism become so profoundly entrenched in the broad spectrum of modern political expression? …" @default.
• W1480454238 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1480454238 creator A5016641418 @default.
• W1480454238 date "1990-06-01" @default.
• W1480454238 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1480454238 title "Arabism and Islam: Stateless Nations and Nationless States" @default.
• W1480454238 cites W1991152262 @default.
• W1480454238 hasPublicationYear "1990" @default.
• W1480454238 type Work @default.
• W1480454238 sameAs 1480454238 @default.
• W1480454238 citedByCount "1" @default.
• W1480454238 crossrefType "book" @default.
• W1480454238 hasAuthorship W1480454238A5016641418 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C11413529 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C138885662 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C138921699 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C139719470 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C144024400 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C158071213 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C162324750 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C17744445 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C199539241 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C203133693 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C27206212 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C2779602485 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C2780219775 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C3651065 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C41008148 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C4445939 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C48103436 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C93377909 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConcept C94625758 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C11413529 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C138885662 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C138921699 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C139719470 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C144024400 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C158071213 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C162324750 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C17744445 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C199539241 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C203133693 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C27206212 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C2779602485 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C2780219775 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C3651065 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C41008148 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C4445939 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C48103436 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C93377909 @default.
• W1480454238 hasConceptScore W1480454238C94625758 @default.
• W1480454238 hasLocation W14804542381 @default.
• W1480454238 hasOpenAccess W1480454238 @default.
• W1480454238 hasPrimaryLocation W14804542381 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W1128576709 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W1502698198 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W1543836848 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W172673281 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W19016911 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2055421150 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2067232788 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2077496948 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2139118463 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W220503684 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2346713185 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W251632176 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W287460981 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W295475830 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2990060307 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W303547903 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W337869650 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W619661211 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W99005050 @default.
• W1480454238 hasRelatedWork W2186520170 @default.
• W1480454238 isParatext "false" @default.
• W1480454238 isRetracted "false" @default.
• W1480454238 magId "1480454238" @default.
• W1480454238 workType "book" @default.