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• W1483149145 abstract "A smog prediction model has been developed at the Dutch National Institute of Public Health and Environmental protection (RIVM). To improve its performance, at CWI numerical techniques and algorithms are developed for the several sub-processes of the model, in particular for advection and chemistry. In order to obtain more accuracy in areas of interest a grid refinement technique is used. The aim of this paper is to give a short introduction to the model, and then to focus on numerical methods for advection and chemistry. Finally, attention is paid to grid refinement and its implementation in the model. INTRODUCTION TO THE MODEL The purpose of this section is to give an overview of the model. A full model description can be found in [4]. The geographical domain is an area of 28.6° x 30.25° in shifted pole coordinates representing, roughly speaking, Europe. The coordinate transformation consists of a shift of the equator to 60° Northern latitude, resulting in a physically almost uniform mesh if the computational grid is uniform. In general, this will lead to smaller Courant numbers and a less severe restriction on the time step. The vertical stratification is modeled by 4 layers in which we work with averaged concentrations in vertical direction: • surface layer: the lowest 50m of the atmosphere in which emissions by traffic and space heating take place, but also removal of pollutants by dry deposition. • mixing layer: the layer between the top of the surface layer and the varying mixing height. Vertical diffusion is modeled as an exchange process between this layer and the surface layer. Exchange with the layer(s) above takes only place by changes in the mixing height. This Transactions on Ecology and the Environment vol 3, © 1994 WIT Press, www.witpress.com, ISSN 1743-3541 564 Computer Simulation process is called fumigation. Emissions take partly place in this layer, depending on the actual depth. • reservoir layer: The top of this layer is determined by the maximum effective source height. If the mixing height exceeds the top of the reservoir layer, this layer vanishes. * upper layer: The top of this layer is equal to the maximum possible mixing height, taken equal to 3000m. The model includes: advection, horizontal and vertical diffusion, wet and dry deposition, fumigation and chemical reactions. For details, see [4]. To solve the corresponding differential equation, the method of fractional steps is applied. This means that each process is integrated separately. To obtain second order in time, this is first done in the order listed above and then in reversed order. The model takes fixed time steps of 30 minutes and updates the meteorological parameters after each time step. As wind fields the 6or 12-hourly 1000 mbar and 850 mbar wind fields from the European Centre for Medium range Weather Forecasting (ECWMF) are available. The actual wind fields used in the model are obtained by interpolating the ECWMF fields in time and space and making the resulting wind fields divergence free. The model updates its wind fields every hour. As a result of applying fractional steps, each process is treated separately which allows us to consider each process on its own and to select the best possible candidate." @default.
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• W1483149145 date "1997-01-01" @default.
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• W1483149145 title "Numerical methods in smog prediction" @default.
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