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• W1485159879 abstract "Introduction The process of writing the history of Vumba, on the southern coast of Kenya, came to a peak at the start of the twentieth century. In 1900, A.C. Hollis, a colonial officer stationed at nearby Vanga (Figure 1), published his Notes on the History of Vumba and fixed those histories at a moment in time.1 Later re-workings of Vumba history would be based largely on Hollis' account, sometimes almost unchanged; one published history seems to have been written without the author ever visiting East Africa.2 It would not be until the 1970s that a researcher would choose to revisit the area and interview inhabitants on the precolonial past, as remembered in oral traditions,3 and he was to find that most people recounted the tale as published, sometimes even reading from Hollis' text during interviews. Vumba Kuu was a Swahili town of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, abandoned in the late sixteenth century by its population who moved to Vanga and Wasini Island. By the nineteenth century, as today, it was difficult to identify physically, as the site had mostly disintegrated and only the footings of a few stone ruins remained in its forest setting. The location was remembered among local groups, however, and the creation of Vumba's history as one of the Shirazi settlements of the south Kenya coast had begun some time before Hollis inscribed it in 1900. It is said that his account was based on the Chronicle of Vumba Kuu, an older document that was destroyed when the Imperial British East Africa Company sacked Vanga in 1896.4 This document, in turn, is said to have been built up over time as the reigns and deeds of the various rulers were recorded. Whether or not the Chronicle ever existed as an actual document (and there are interesting parallels with the Chronicle of Pate, also destroyed due to British aggression, this time at Witu5), it had certainly long existed as an oral tradition, and as such would have been told and retold over many years before the definitive account was recounted in the early twentieth century. In this paper, I argue that the process of creating Vumba's historical traditions has an even longer chronology. Through the results of archaeological research at the site of Vumba Kuu, the capital of the Vumba and their original home, I explore the scene of the events related by the traditions. The settlement of Vumba Kuu emerges as a humble site, unable to bear the rhetorical weight of the later histories, which have made it famous as a type-site for Swahili manifestations of power. The evidence of archaeology at Vumba Kuu does not simply disprove these histories; rather, it gives an insight into the ongoing process of historical memory and the process of forgetting Vumba Kuu's humble past while commemorating an ideal past that worked for the present. Through a focus on this dynamic process, and particularly the ways that it was bound up in material practices, the different periods of Vumba's past are brought together into a continual process of becoming, or negotiating Swahili identity as constituted in different time periods. Thus, we may see a disjuncture between the histories as presented to, and understood by, Hollis, and the past as it was laid down in the archaeological record: the history of everyday life. The archaeological record allows a reassessment of the histories as artifacts; the claims of the Vumba elite are cast as aspirational, using history as a means of creating a certain identity to move into the twentieth century. This paper argues that, through an emphasis on the material world of Vumba Kuu, and more particularly through the practices that bound objects, spaces, and people, it is possible to discern a thread of continuity through the discontinuities and differing modalities of the disciplines. As such, I draw on the work of Ann Stahl6 who has advocated the use of multiple sources in our attempts to understand the past, recognizing the lived past and the construction of historical memory as intertwined and inseparable phenomena. …" @default.
• W1485159879 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1485159879 date "2010-09-01" @default.
• W1485159879 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1485159879 title "Remembering and reworking the Swahili diwanate: the role of objects and places at Vumba Kuu" @default.
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