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• W1485751927 abstract "Abstract During neurotransmission the second unit should always be regarded as an effector cell, regardlessof its nervous or non-nervous nature. In the autonomic system there are three types of effector cells: the neurons, the smooth muscle, and exocrine gland cells. These are the principal target cells of the pharmacologic mediators of allergic responses. The mediators of antigen-antibody responses, when viewed from the standpoint of their physiologic function, are among the natural chemical organizers of autonomic action. Denervation or mediator antagonist drugs cause hypersensitivity in the effector cells towards the transmitter in short supply. The hypothalamus has two reciprocally antagonistic divisions: the anterior hypothalamus, which mediates primarily cholinergic responses, and the posterior hypothalamus, the stimulation of which results largely in adrenergic responses. A balance between these divisions is important in maintaining normal autonomic functions (e.g., blood pressure). The posterior hypothalamus is normally suppressed by inhibitory impulses transmitted from the sinoaortic barorecaptors, which, among others, keep the posterior hypothalamus in check. When histamine or acethylcholine is given, blood pressure falls, the sinoaortic tension decreases, causing a shift to sympathetic activity. This leads to the release of catechols, which tends to correct and limit the blood pressure drop. Catecholamines increase blood pressure, which shifts the hypothalamic balance to the cholinergic side. It is possible to produce imbalance of the hypothalamus by applying histamine, acethylcholine, or catecholamines directly on hypothalamic structures; by the electrolytic removal or electrical stimulation of one of the divisions of the hypothalamus and by many other stimuli." @default.
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• W1485751927 date "2003-01-01" @default.
• W1485751927 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
• W1485751927 title "Altered effector responses" @default.
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• W1485751927 doi "https://doi.org/10.1016/s1567-7443(03)80040-6" @default.
• W1485751927 hasPublicationYear "2003" @default.
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