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• W1486085013 abstract "THE INTERNET IS A DOUBLE-EDGED SWORD. While it can facilitate the empowerment of people who often face discrimination, it can also be exploited to disenfranchise them. Anonymous mobs employ collaborative technologies to terrorize and silence women, people of color, and other minorities, effectively denying them the right to participate in online life as equals. Consider the case of Bonnie Jouhari, a civil rights advocate and mother of a biracial girl, who was targeted by a white supremacist website. The site posted her child's picture and Ms. Jouhari's home address and showed an animated picture of Ms. Jouhari's workplace exploding in flames next to the threat that race traitors are hung from the neck from the nearest tree or lamp post. After Ms. Jouhari and her daughter began receiving harassing phone calls at home and work, she left her job and moved. Today, neither she nor her daughter maintains a driver's license, voter registration card, or bank account because they fear creating a public record of their whereabouts. Another example: Kathy Sierra, a programmer and game developer, who maintained a popular on software development called Creating Passionate Users. In 2007, anonymous individuals attacked Ms. Sierra on her and two other websites. Posters threatened rape and strangulation. They revealed her home address and Social Security number, Doctored photographs featured her with a noose beside her neck; another depicted her screaming while being suffocated by lingerie. After the attack, Ms. Sierra canceled speaking engagements and feared leaving her yard. In April 2009, she explained that her blog [once] was in the Technorati Top 100. I have not blogged there-or anywhere-since. Many view these attacks as isolated instances I When online mobs attack individuals because of their race, gender, or other protected characteristic, they damage individuals, their groups, and society in unique ways. To be sure, traditional criminal and tort law can reach some of their injuries. Criminal law punishes online harassment and threats. For instance, the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) punishes anyone using a telecommunications device without disclosing his identity and with the intent to abuse, threaten, or harass any person who receives the communication. Tort law would provide redress for a cyber harasser's actions. Individuals can bring defamation suits if online lies ruin their reputations. They can seek money damages for emotional distress that a defendant intentionally or recklessly causes. They can bring privacy claims against defendants who publicly disclosed private facts that would be highly offensive to the reasonable person. These traditional remedies are important-but they have a limited role. Defamation law, for instance, remedies a plaintiff's reputational harm caused by online lies, but does not address the stigma and economic injuries that individuals experience. Nor does it redress the harm that targeted groups and society suffer in the wake of bias-motivated conduct. Civil rights laws are designed to respond to such harm. Antidiscrimination laws guarantee the right to be free of unequal treatment on the basis of race, gender, or other protected characteristics. Civil rights remedies would combat a cyber mob's interference with individuals' right to work and participate in discourse online as equals. Existing civil rights laws provide tools to combat anonymous online mobs. The Civil Rights Act of 1968, for instance, punishes or threat [s] of force designed to intimidate or interfere with a person's private employment due to that person's race, religion, or national origin. Courts have sustained convictions of defendants who made death threats over employees' e-mail and voicemail. Current law should be amended to criminalize online threats made because of a victim's gender or sexual orientation. Although the Supreme Court struck down VAWls regulation of gender-motivated violence on the grounds that such criminal conduct did not sufficiently affect interstate commerce to justify congressional action under the Commerce Clause, Congress could amend VAWA pursuant to its power to regulate an instrumentality of interstate commerce-the Internet-to punish anonymous cyber mobs that threaten individuals because of their gender or sexual orientation. The Department of Justice would preswnably support such a development as it currently encourages federal prosecutors to seek hate crime penalty enhancements for defendants who subject victims to cyber harassment because of their race, color, religion, national origin, or sexual orientation. WHEN ONLINE MOBS attack individuals because of their race, gender, or other protected characteristic, they damage individuals, their groups, and society in unique ways. of cyber bullying. But anonymous mobs accomplish something far more systematic than that. Rather than attacking a random mix of individuals, cyber mobs disproportionately target women. The non-profit organization Working to Halt Online Abuse explains that, from 2000 to 2007, 72.5 percent of the individuals reporting cyber harassment identified themselves as women and 22 percent identified themselves as men. Half of those individuals had no relationship with their attackers. Similarly, the National Center for Victims of Crimes' Stalking Resource Center reports that approximately 60 percent of online harassment cases involve male attackers and female targets. Cyber mobs often target lesbian andlor non-white women with particular virulence. They also focus on men of color, religious minorities, and gay men." @default.
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• W1486085013 date "2009-01-01" @default.
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• W1486085013 title "Civil Rights in the Cyber World" @default.
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