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• W148670443 endingPage "729" @default.
• W148670443 startingPage "705" @default.
• W148670443 abstract "The global HIV pandemic has continued unabated during the 1990s. The numbers of persons worldwide infected with HIV increased threefold from 10 million in 1990 to 30 million by the end of 1996. Included among these 30 million cumulative cases are approximately 11 million women, 16 million men, and 3 million children. The vast majority of new infections (94%) have occurred in developing countries, with 70% of adult infections resulting from heterosexual transmission. Currently, almost half of all new HIV infections are being reported in women.1, 122 As of 1996, the largest proportion of cumulative HIV cases has been reported in sub-Saharan Africa, with over 19 million infected individuals, followed by Southeast Asia, with close to 7 million infected persons. South America has approximately 1.5 million reported cases, North America 1.3 million, Western Europe about 800,000, and the Caribbean about 500,000. By the year 2000, the most rapid expansion of the epidemic is predicted to occur in the Far East. In Africa, the pandemic has particularly affected women of childbearing age who have become infected through heterosexual transmission. As the HIV epidemic matures in Africa, women are tending to become infected at higher rates and at younger ages in comparison with men.122 In urban antenatal clinics in sub-Saharan countries such as Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, seroprevalence estimates of 10% to 30% are reported.127 In other African countries such as Zaire, Cameroon, and Nigeria, seroprevalence estimates in urban antenatal clinics are lower (2% to 5%) and stable for as yet unexplained reasons.122 Although the epidemic in Africa initially was concentrated in urban areas, it is now spreading outward along truck routes to medium-sized villages and to more remote rural areas. For the next several years, the largest growth in the HIV epidemic will most likely occur in Southeast Asia, particularly in Thailand, Cambodia, and India. Among female sex workers, seroprevalence estimates increased from about 4% in 1989 to 33% in 1994. Among pregnant Thai women observed at antenatal clinics, seroprevalence estimates of 1% to 3% have been reported as males infected in brothels have transmitted the virus to their regular sexual partners. HIV seroprevalence estimates have also risen dramatically among commercial sex workers in Viet Nam (from 9% to 38% from 1992 to 1995) and in Malaysia.122 Similar increases in the HIV epidemic in women have been reported in India. In Bombay, HIV seroprevalence doubled from 20% to 40% between 1992 and 1994 among female commercial sex workers. At antenatal clinics in that city, seroprevalence estimates of 2.5% have been reported. The disease burden in the central, eastern, and northern parts of India is generally less than in the southern parts of the country. As in Africa, evidence suggests that the epidemic is spreading rurally in India along commercial truck routes.127 In Latin America and the Caribbean, the epidemic is increasing in women and adolescents, particularly in those from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. In Brazil, heterosexual transmission is reported as the exposure category for 23% of all HIV infections. Surveillance in Sao Paolo, Brazil, suggests that seroprevalence is increasing among female patients seen at clinics for sexually transmitted disease (STD) but remaining stable among male clinic attendees. In Honduras, seroprevalence approaches 40% in female sex workers, and, in antenatal clinics, seroprevalence estimates of 4% are reported. In Haiti, where the epidemic is relatively mature, a seroprevalence of 8% has been reported in pregnant women followed up in Port au Prince. Overall, the HIV seroprevalence is reported to range from 2% to 8% in pregnant women in Latin America and the Caribbean.1" @default.
• W148670443 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W148670443 creator A5016065942 @default.
• W148670443 creator A5026892972 @default.
• W148670443 creator A5087265999 @default.
• W148670443 date "1997-12-01" @default.
• W148670443 modified "2023-10-16" @default.
• W148670443 title "WOMEN AND HIV" @default.
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