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• W1490266857 abstract "Binge eating is a maladaptive behavior associated with obesity and certain eating disorders. Numerous animal studies have shown that this bingeing behavior shares qualities with those of drug addiction. Furthermore, research in rodents has shown that this addictive behavior is also characterized by the same molecular and physiological characteristics that define drug addiction. The current study purposed to assess whether bingeing on sugar could lead to behavioral indicators of sugar dependence in mice as well as humans. The results show that bingeing on sugar did not increase addictive behavior in either mice or human participants. Instead, addictive behaviors appeared to be driven by increased sugar consumption. Obesity and certain eating disorders are often characterized by an individual's inability to control food intake. Research suggests that the behavioral component of binge eating shares many qualities with behaviors expressed during drug addiction (Riva et al., 2006). This is because food is a strong reinforcer that has the ability to highly motivate certain behavior (Epstein, Leddy, Temple, & Faith, 2007). Many scientists believe that addiction may pose a valid explanation for this maladaptive behavior because feeding development originates from the same neural pathways that are activated by addictive drugs (Kelley, et al., 2002). Avena (2007) states that the characteristics that define binge eating, such as excessive intake, aversive state, and lack of control exhibit a close resemblance to the stages of drug dependence. Therefore, it is possible that binge eating may be due to food dependence caused by the addictive nature of certain food substances. Binge eating is usually characterized by the consumption of high calorie foods, rich in sweets that have little nutritional value (Avena, 2007). Therefore, analogous to drugs of abuse, the ingestion of sugary food substances is not motivated by a need to maintain homeostatic balance (Epstein et al., 2007). Instead, according to Avena, et al. (2008), consumption may be driven by the brain's opioid system and the release of dopamine. This suggests that sugar may be the cause of the addictive behavior displayed by binge eaters. The neurotransmitter dopamine is believed to play an important role in the dependence of individuals to addictive drugs such as cocaine and heroin (Rothman, Baumann, Prisinzano, & Newman, 2007) and may also be a cause of sugar addiction in humans. Both sugar and drugs of abuse cause repeated release or reduced reuptake of extracellular dopamine in an area of the brain involved in reward and reinforcement (Avena, 2007; Bassero & Di Chiara, 1997). Although dopamine is released anytime an animal is exposed to novel foods, this effect 1 Morris: Of Mice and Men Published by KnowledgeExchange@Southern, 2009 diminishes with repeated exposure for satiated animals (Bassero & Di Chiara, 1997). However, this waning dopaminergic response is not observed in animals displaying sugar bingeing behavior (Avena et al., 2008). Numerous research studies have used animal models to analyze the relationships between sugar-bingeing and drug dependence characteristics such as dopamine release, opiate-like withdrawal, and certain behavioral changes. Avena et al. (2008) found that rats with intermittent access to sugar enter a state that is similar to drug dependence on both behavioral and neurochemical levels. This is because rats with intermittent access binge on sugar when it becomes available. In addition, they also display aggression and signs of withdrawal, such as anxiety and depression (Colantuoni et al., 2002) and also exhibit altered dopamine release activity (Avena, 2007). According to Rolls (2003) individual differences exist in the way in which the brain's dopamine response system responds to excessive food intake. In sntdies with lab rats, more dopamine is released by obese rats than lean rats during eating (Yang & Meguid, 1995). Similarly, research studies with humans have indicated differences in neuronal activity between lean and obese individuals in response to food intake and satiation (Karhunen, Lappalainen, Vanninen, Kuikka, & Uusitupa, 1997; Gautier et al., 2000). Therefore, it is possible that obese humans may also have an altered dopamine metabolism (Epstein et al., 2007) causing certain individuals to have a higher susceptibility to binge eating than others. Still, whether bingeing leads to addictive behaviors or changes in dopamine levels in humans has not been investigated. The review of the literature indicates that certain maladaptive behaviors related to sugar intake in laboratory animals portray characteristics that are similar to those of drug abuse. On the cellular and molecular level sugar is able to affect dopamine release and other opiates. Physiologically, certain patterns of sugar intake can affect neuronal activity in a way that parallels addictive substances. Furthermore, behavioral changes comparable to those observed during drug addiction are also observed due to sugar bingeing. Researchers posit that the sugar dependencies observed in animals may provide a plausible explanation for certain maladaptive eating behaviors in humans. The purpose of this comparative study was to analyze selected characteristics of sugar dependence in both humans and laboratory mice. It was hypothesized that bingeing on sugar would cause or exacerbate certain behavioral indicators of addiction in both mice and humans. In addition, other factors such as family history and caffeine intake were assessed in the human analysis of sugar bingeing." @default.
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• W1490266857 date "2008-01-01" @default.
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• W1490266857 title "Of Mice and Men: A Comparative Study Assessing Behavioral Indicators of Sugar Addiction in Mice and College Students" @default.
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