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• W1497145166 abstract "Little is known about how social cues and individual differences affect face recognition ability. This study focused on whether the social cue of gaze, either directed toward the viewer or averted away from the viewer, and individual differences in self-monitoring level affect memory for static and dynamic faces. Gender differences in face recognition and selfmonitoring status were also explored. Overall, participants' face recognition ability was significantly better for gaze directed versus gaze averted faces. Thcre was also a slight tendency for womcn to do bettcr than men. However, there was no difference in recognition ability for the dynamic and static faces. Scorcs on the self-monitoring scale wcre not significantly corrclatcd with pcrfonnance on the face recognition tasks. Womcn werc more prevalcnt than mcn in the low sclf-monitoring category whereas men wcre more prevalent than womcn in the high-self monitoring catcgory. The difficulty and advantages of using naturalistic socially-engaging stimuli in face proccssing studies are discussed. Gross -------------, Individual Differences in Face Recognition Individual Differences in Social Cue Processing and Their Implications for Face Recognition Facial movements convey a wealth of social information. Subtle movements of the eyes, mouth, nose and eyebrows may indicate puzzlement, intent or interest. Facial movements indicate basic emotions such as fear, sadness, happiness, and disgust which can guide other's behavior. These social cues are vital to social interaction. Without them people would not know or understand how to behave or what to say around other people. Cues in facial expressions are a form of situational cues. Correct interpretation of these cues is necessary for adaptive social behavior. Indeed children and adults who show difficulty understanding social cues tend to demonstrate mal-adaptive behaviors, poor social adjustment, and a number of other life di fficulties. Many theories have been suggested regarding the initial cause of this social situational cue misperception. One theory in particular has been well supported. Children and adults must first encode, represcnt and interpret situational cues before enacting a behavior the individual deems appropriate. However. what bchavior is decmcd appropriate is highly dcpcndcnt on how thosc social cues are encoded, rcprescnted, and intcrprcted (Crick & Dodge. 1994). Individuals ditTer in how attcntive thcy are to these social cues which in tum could affect the cuc encoding process. Ifthc cues are not correctly cncoded or not cncodcd at all. thcn that affccts all subscqucnt stcps Icading to the choice of social bcha·ior. At onc cxtrcmc. rcscarch has shon that autistic childrcn sccm to cxhibit attcntional dcficits which mav hindcr othcr functions. such as social perccption. Specifically autistic indi'iduals hac becn 1i.1und to hae diniculties with a number of social inli.1nllation processing tasks. including , Gross Individual Differences in Face Recognition understanding facial expressions of affect, interpreting faces, and expressing emotions (as cited in Pierce, Glad, & Schreibman, 1997). In addition to developmental and mental disorders, personality might playa role in determining how much attention an individual gives to social cues. Previous research has suggested that extraverts gaze at others more frequently than introverts. Extraverts also look for longer periods of and with longer glances than introverts (Argyle & Cook, 1976). If this extra attention creates more opportunities to encode social signals then perhaps these individuals are better at interpreting social cues than others. However, even though extraverts do look longer at their partner's faces, there is no indication that they are especially tuned to the social signals afforded by the face. One group of individuals who do seem to be especially tuned to social cues is individuals who are high in self-monitoring status. Mark Snyder (1974) created the concept of self-monitoring. He describes self-monitoring as the idea that people's actions and comments might be intentional attempts to create a particular persona that matches their current situational context. In other words, people may try to appear to be the right person in the right place at the right time (Snyder, 1979, p.86). As people vary in the degrec with which they cngage in this self-monitoring behavior a continuum develops of low self-monitors to high self-monitors. A prototypic high selfmonitor is someone who is attentivc in social situations to social cues in other pcoplc's expressions and behaviors and then uses these cues to monitor his or her own verbal and nonCrhal behavior in order to behavc appropriately for the situation. On the other hand. the protot~l)ic low self-monitor does not attend as carefully to social infonnation and as a result does not always behave in a situationally appropriate manner. Rather. the protot~l'ic 10' selfGross Individual Differences in Face Recognition monitor seems to be managed more by his or her internal affect and beliefs. Given this idea, it is reasonable suppose that differences in self-monitoring status could result in differences in face recognition ability. Since the high self-monitors place great emphasis on fitting in socially, they may be more inclined to watch faces for social cues that would indicate appropriate behavior for a particular setting. A simple hypothesis would be that high self-monitors would be more likely to recognize faces because they are more attentive to faces and the social cues that faces convey. However, a more complicated set of predictions follows if processing social cues and adjusting one's behaviors in response to these messages leads to competition for a limited pool of attentional resources. High self-monitors focus on making situationally appropriate adjustments to their own behavior and this focus on the message, rather than the messenger, could lead to poorer face recognition perfornlance. Complicating these predictions, the particular social signal conveyed might influence how intently high and low self-monitors attend to a face. The present study explores how high and low self-monitors rcmcmber faccs that gaze toward the viewcr (gaze dirccted faces) and gaze away from the vicwer (gaze avcrtcd faces). Direction of gaze is an important social cue that provides infonnation about a partner's intercst and focus of attention. If. as the literaturc suggests. high sci f-monitors are more attentivc to social cues than low self-monitors. then changes in the dircction of a partner's gaze should differentially affcct high self-monitors' mcmory for a facc. Cucs. such as gazc aversion. which indicate that the pcrson is no longer sending a stream of relevant social signals could calise a high self-monitor to disengage and suhsequently. to not attend as well" @default.
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• W1497145166 date "2004-01-01" @default.
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• W1497145166 title "Did I catch your eye : do high and low self-monitors differ in how they process gaze-directed and gaze-averted faces" @default.
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