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• W1498450112 abstract "The Sea People: Late Holocene Maritime Specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, Central Queensland. By Bryce Barker Terra Australis 20. Pandanus Books, Canberra, 2004. ISBN 1 74076 092 1. Pp.xx+166. AUD $49.95 + postage. Terra Australis 20 publishes Barker's 1995 doctoral thesis of a similar title. It is an important contribution to the growing corpus of regional studies conducted over the last two decades which provide near-complete coverage of the Queensland coast from Townsville south. The cover teases the reader with azure waters bounding deserted tropical islands and promises the 'details of the two oldest sites of Aboriginal occupation on the tropical east coast of Australia, as well as formulating a model of late Holocene change for the wider region'. The Sea People essentially consists of three parts: introductory chapters which review models of coastal use; the Whitsunday Islands case study covering ethnohistory, palaeoenvironments, methods and the excavations themselves; and final chapters synthesising results and presenting a model for Holocene culture change in the region. Excavation reports are presented for four sites excavated between 1988 and 1992: Nara Inlet 1 and Nara Inlet Art Site on Hook Island; Border Island 1 on Border Island; and Hill Inlet Rock Shelter i on Whitsunday Island. The South Molle Island Quarry is also described and preliminary results of petrographic analyses presented. The 9,000 year plus sequence from Nara Inlet 1 forms the core of the monograph. After the Pleistocene-aged Wallen Wallen Creek in Moreton Bay, Barker's Nara Inlet 1 and Border Island 1 are the earliest dated sites on the Queensland coast and amongst only a handful of sites in the Australian region which have evidence of coastal occupation over the final stages of the Holocene marine transgression. Nara Inlet 1, in particular, is remarkable for its extraordinarily well-preserved sequence which includes knotted grass string as well as wooden and shell artefacts. Barker demonstrates that the region was occupied before 9,000 years ago. He argues that earliest occupation coincides with the arrival of the sea and that there is no change in the early to mid-Holocene sequence associated with continuing sea-level rise. In contrast, dramatic changes are evident in the four sites post-dating 3,000 BP, including increases in discard rates, the occupation of new sites, a broadening of the resource base, the appearance of specialised marine technology (e.g. harpoons, fish hooks) and the introduction of toxic plants in the last 500 years. Barker argues that the origin of the 'Whitsunday system' of permanent island-based maritime hunter-gatherers recorded ethnohistorically can be traced to these changes dating to around 3,000 BP, with further changes along this trajectory occurring in the last 500 years. Barker analogises recent lifeways in the Whitsundays to those documented in the Princess Charlotte Bay area, helping the reader to visualise the intensive sea-orientation of people in the area that Barker sees as emerging in the very recent past. Barker accounts for these changes in terms of 'demographic restructuring' involving 'a regional and local reorganisation of populations over the landscape' (p.148). The changes are correlated with a general move from largely 'open' social structures to more 'closed' systems reflecting increased boundedness of social groups and increased regulation of territories and resources. The restricted distribution of raw materials from the South Molle Island Quarry and the apparent linguistic and social insularity of Aboriginal groups at the time of European invasion are drawn on to support the argument. Similar models have been proposed by Bruno David for southeast Cape York Peninsula and Ian McNiven for southeast Queensland. A major contribution of the work is in demonstrating the presence of a wide range of marine and estuarine taxa throughout the last phases of marine transgression, effectively dismissing models relying on lags in coastal productivity which had some currency in the 1980s. …" @default.
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• W1498450112 title "Review of The Sea People: Late Holocene Maritime Specialisation in the Whitsunday Islands, Central Queensland by Bryce Barker" @default.
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