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• W1500886002 abstract "Negative feedback has become ubiquitous in science both as atechnique and as a conceptual tool. As a technique, negative feedbackhas a long history; devices based in its use were made inantiquity. It has only been during the last century, however, thatrigorous quantitiative methods have become associated with the applicationsof negative feedback. These methods originated in communicationsengineering and during the World War II period spread rapidlyto other areas of science where further applications were soon made.During this process of dissemination negative feedback was transformedinto a powerful conceptual tool, of general application,having to do with the organization of behavior.The central figure responsible for both the dissemination andtransformation of negative feedback was the American mathematician,Norbert Wiener, who, as a child prodigy, had developed graduatelevel proficiency in science, mathematics and philosophy before hewas twenty. Wiener's multidisciplinary background and interests werecritically important in allowing him to interact with professionals inmany different fields and thereby to disseminate the feedback ideas.Wiener and two colleagues were the authors of the 1943 paper,Behavior, Purpose and Teleology, which stimulated a number ofinterdisciplinary meetings. These meetings were important inspreading the feedback concepts to the different disciplines.Participating in these meetings were, among others, Gregory Bateson,Wolfgang Miler, Margaret Mead, Warren S. McCulloch, F. S. C.Northrop, John von Neumann and Wiener. The successful assimilationof feedback by the various disciplines in spite of the problemsassociated with modern discipline specialization provides a lessonin how these problems may be overcome. In the case of feedback, theclimate for its assimilation was made considerably more receptive byconcurrent developments in computer science and neurophysiologywhich mutually reinforced the robotic view.The role of negative feedback in scientific research and thesignificance of this role have not yet been fully identified. Suchan identification must be made in order to evaluate the historicalevents which led to the assimilation of negative feedback. Iattempt to define the role of negative feedback in scientificresearch in terms of a program called cybernetic analysis. Thisprogram develops the behavioral and functional roles of negativefeedback in terms of adaptive goal-directed behavior; suchbehavior occurs when a system can maintain a certain state or tendtoward a certain state even while being disturbed by externalinfluences. This behavior is exhibited both by organisms and bymechanical devices controlled by negative feedback.Until now the idea that systems could be directed toward an endhas been unacceptable because goal-directedness has been associatedwith the outdated notions of teleology and final cause. The abilityof negative feedback to account for goal-directedness mechanisticallynot…" @default.
• W1500886002 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1500886002 date "1981-12-16" @default.
• W1500886002 modified "2023-09-28" @default.
• W1500886002 title "Norbert Wiener and the growth of negative feedback in scientific explanation : with a proposed research program of cybernetic analysis" @default.
• W1500886002 hasPublicationYear "1981" @default.
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