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• W1502091353 endingPage "241" @default.
• W1502091353 startingPage "181" @default.
• W1502091353 abstract "Abstract Recent moves toward greater intensification of legume-based pasture systems have raised concerns regarding the impact of grazing animals on legume production and symbiotic N 2 fixation. This review uses recent research to further our understanding of grazing animal impacts ( via treading, defoliation, and excretion) on the N 2 fixing performance of legume-based pastures. Options for improving farm management to minimise adverse animal impacts and improve legume performance and N 2 fixation are also covered with emphasis on white clover ( Trifolium repens ). In general, effects on N 2 fixation involve both soil and plant processes and are mediated by large-scale changes in legume morphology and physiology and/or by influencing the legume–grass competitive interaction. For example, defoliation of legumes by grazing animals causes a marked decrease in nitrogenase activity within several hours and recovery takes anywhere from 5 to 21 days depending on the severity of defoliation. Similarly, new research has shown that animal excreta can have prolonged effects on decreasing N 2 fixation (e.g., urine decreases N 2 fixation by up to 70% with effects lasting for up to 286 days). The magnitude of animal impacts from treading, defoliation, and excretion, individually or as a whole varies greatly and are closely tied to farm management practices and the edaphic features of the entire farm system. Key farm/pasture management strategies identified to optimise N 2 fixation in legume-based pastures include: selecting suitable legume and grass cultivars, restricting grazing intervals, altering seasonal grazing intensity, use of mixed animal types, strategic conservation cuts, and management to reduce soil physical damage. Future research should include the use of validated dynamic models to integrate treading, defoliation, and excretion and predict effects on legume productivity and N 2 fixation. Such an approach provides the best opportunity to determine the overall response of the legume system and define key requirements for management strategies." @default.
• W1502091353 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1502091353 creator A5018348052 @default.
• W1502091353 creator A5068482511 @default.
• W1502091353 creator A5071526992 @default.
• W1502091353 creator A5074503495 @default.
• W1502091353 date "2004-01-01" @default.
• W1502091353 modified "2023-10-15" @default.
• W1502091353 title "The Impact of Grazing Animals on N2 Fixation in Legume-Based Pastures and Management Options for Improvement" @default.
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