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- W1502114534 abstract "This review focuses on clarifying the energy transfer mechanisms operating in a stratified lake. The energy imparted by the wind to the lake leads to basin scale waves which may be identified as Kelvin or Poincaré waves or simple gravitational seiching; the vertical model structure of these waves appears to depend on the wind forcing and the basin slope, but most of the energy resides in the first and second modes. Once established these basin scale waves steepen due to non-linear processes and due to shoaling forming a spectrum of internal wave motions within the metalimnion with frequencies from about 10−6 Hz to 10−2 Hz depending on the size of the lake and the severity of the stratification. The waves at the high frequency end of the spectrum are often highly non-linear and are best described as solitary waves, bores and hydraulic jumps. It is shown that waves in the frequency range from 5 times 10−5 to 10−2 Hz are close to critical with respect to typical bottom slopes. A review of internal wave reflection showed that for such incident waves most of the incident internal wave energy is dissipated at the boundary. This is also true for isolated solitary waves. There are thus two energy sources for the maintenance of the benthic boundary layer. First, at the level of the metalimnion incident internal wave modes break giving up their energy, and second, the velocity field associated with the first mode heaving leads to shear production at the lake bottom in the deeper parts of a lake basin. Recent evidence also suggests that the composite internal wave field gives rise to turbulent patches in the metalimnion and to a lesser extent in the hypolimnion. The great majority of the turbulent events have very small displacement scales and are thus inefficient at transporting mass vertically, even though the mean dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy may be as high as 10−8 m2 s−3. It appears that mass is thus transferred vertically in two ways in a stratified lake. First, through the benthic boundary layer, and second, to a much lesser extent directly by intermittent turbulent mixing." @default.
- W1502114534 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1502114534 creator A5061983393 @default.
- W1502114534 date "2013-03-19" @default.
- W1502114534 modified "2023-10-17" @default.
- W1502114534 title "Flux Paths in a Stratified Lake" @default.
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- W1502114534 doi "https://doi.org/10.1029/ce054p0001" @default.
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