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• W1506643361 abstract "Telomeres are the terminal regions of the linear chromosomes of eukaryotes, which are composed of telomeric DNA and associated specific telomeric proteins. In most kinds of organisms, telomeric DNA is presented by a large number of repetitive, strictly defined short nucleotide sequences, such as: TTAGGG (in vertebrates), TTTAGGG (in the majority of terrestrial plants) and TTGGGG (in the ciliated infusoria Tetrahymena), etc. Although telomeric proteins differ among different groups of organisms they perform similar functions, which mainly consist of telomere length regulation and their protection against degradation (Grach, 2009). For a long time, it was considered that telomeres did not code RNA molecules and thus proteins. Subsequently, it was found that RNA is still transcribed from telomeres but that it did not encode any proteins. Further studies showed that this RNA plays an important role in telomere length regulation and chromatin reorganisation during both development and cell differentiation (Azzalin et al., 2007). In spite of the fact that telomeres do not code proteins, they also perform very important functions, the main role of which is to maintain the stability and functionality of the cellular genome. Among these are the protection of chromosomes from fusion with each other (Blackburn, 2001), participation in mitotic and meiotic chromosome segregation (Conrad et al., 1997; Dynek and Smith, 2004; Kirk et al., 1997), the stabilisation of broken chromosome ends (Pennaneach et al., 2006), their attachment to the nuclear envelope (Hediger et al., 2002; Podgornaya et al., 2000), influencing gene expression (Baur et al., 2001; Pedram et al., 2006), counting the quantity of cell divisions (Allsopp et al., 1992; Kurenova & Mason, 1997; Olovnikov, 1973), and also an original buffer function (Olovnikov, 1973). The latter consists of the protection of the mRNA coding regions of chromosomes from the end replication problem. The end replication problem consists of the impossibility of the full reproduction of the previous length of linear DNA ends on the leading telomeres during of the S-phase of the cell division cycle. It is caused by peculiarities in their structure and the functioning of the DNA replication machinery. As a result the telomeric regions of chromo‐" @default.
• W1506643361 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1506643361 creator A5063232519 @default.
• W1506643361 date "2013-02-20" @default.
• W1506643361 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1506643361 title "Telomere Shortening Mechanisms" @default.
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