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- W1509439247 abstract "The habitat association by forest type and distribution pattern, seasonal abundance, correlation between mean abundance and geographic range and the feeding guild and indicator properties of swallowtail butterflies (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae) were studied in a disturbed secondary protected forest reserve in Assam, Northeast India. The method of multivariate analysis by constrained canonical correspondence ordination was used for examining the effects of some independent, continuous environmental variables like altitude, rainfall, year, geographical position (latitude and longitude) on the swallowtail butterfly group and species assemblages during the two-year study period. The separating effects of season and forest type as categorical variables were examined for observing their effects on the abundance and distribution of the Papilionidae within the study area. We used the indicator (IndVal) method of Dufrene & Legendre (1997) to detect some characteristic indicator taxa within the study area by defining the indicator values of the group and species assemblages for the transects by forest types and mean seasonal abundances. The analyses were done separately for the three study sites of Garbhanga range and two study sites of Rani range based on the pooled abundance data. Line transect method was followed for sampling the butterflies within a 50 ha study area. Permanent line transects were laid within the study sites on the basis of habitat type - scattered forest and closed forest, which were selected on the basis of canopy openness and observed levels of disturbance. As the study area experiences a tropical monsoon type of climate, therefore the different diversity parameters including species richness, evenness and rarefaction estimates were examined by forest type and season. A total sample effort of 131 days across the five study sites during dry and wet seasons of the two-year study period resulted in 18,371 individuals identified from 28 species of Papilionidae. Vegetation study relating to estimation of the species diversity and richness conducted in each of the two study sites of Garbhanga and Rani ranges showed a near similarity in the floral composition and could be considered to represent the overall vegetation profile of the study area. The total plant family representation in the study area was 65 which included a total of 197 species out of which 99 species were represented by trees, 63 species were herbs/shrubs and 35 species were represented by climbers. Seven plant families represented the larval host-plant resources and 29 plant families represented the potential adult nectar sources of the swallowtail butterflies. The monophagous feeding guild recorded the highest number of species (12) and the correlation between the mean abundance and feeding guild of the Papilionidae was significant, showing a marked increase in the mean abundance of the Papilionidae from ‘specialist’ to generalist’ feeders and monophagy to polyphagy. The correlation between the mean abundance and the pre-defined geographic range of the species assemblages in the three study sites of Garbhanga range was weak but significant and positive indicating a marked increase in the mean abundance of the Papilionidae with the widest geographic range. For the two study sites of Rani range, the correlation was not significant but still positive. Species with the widest range did not show a large variation in their mean abundance as observed in the correlation results for the study sites of Garbhanga range. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) showed that the swallowtail butterfly species assemblage could be divided into two groups with respect to habitat association and abundance by forest types was highly significant for all the five study sites. In Garbhanga range, 16 species were closed forest restricted and nine species were open/scattered forest dependent while another three species could be classified as intermediate as they were encountered in both gaps and closed forests. In Rani range, only 14 species were found to be confined to the closed forest while the number of species associated with gaps and the intermediate species was the same as in Garbhanga range. In Garbhanga range, higher abundances of butterflies from the genera Graphium (Jays and Bluebottles), Papilio (Common Mormon and Great Mormon) and Pathysa (Swordtails and Zebras) were encountered in the open forest transects while the abundances of the butterflies from the closed forests and particularly from the genera Atrophaneura (Windmills and Batwings), Troides (Birdwings) and Papilio castor (Common Raven) were lower. Peacocks and Helens (Papilio sp.) from the closed forests and the gap species like Pachliopta aristolochiae (Common Rose) and Lamproptera sp. (Dragontails) recorded moderate abundances. However in Rani range, the abundance trend for the group (genus-wise) assemblages were found to be different – closed forest confined groups like the Birdwings (Troides sp.), Peacocks and Helens (Papilio sp.) and open forest dependant groups like the Jays and Bluebottles (Graphium sp.), Swordtails (Pathysa sp.) as well as the Dragontails (Lamproptera sp.) were recorded in higher abundances. The site scores in the ordination plots for both Garbhanga and Rani ranges simply showed the changing abundances of swallowtail butterflies across the open and closed forest transects throughout the study period. However they could not be considered as strong predictors of butterfly seasonality. The effects of independent variables were studied separately for Garbhanga and Rani ranges and the results of the CCA ordination showed the significant effects of some of these variables on the species assemblages. The significant effect of the amount of rainfall as an independent variable on the abundances of different species assemblages within Garbhanga and Rani ranges clearly indicated the influence of the monsoon climate on plant phenology and the resultant high wet season abundances. However the effect of rain on butterfly abundances indicated a larger variation between the dry and wet season abun dances in Rani range and this could be attributed to favourable microclimatic conditions within this range. In the constrained ordinations for both Rani and Garbhanga ranges, the influence of the monsoon rain on the seasonality of some species like particularly the Limes (Papilio demoleus), Jays (Graphium sp.) and Common Rose (Pachliopta aristolochiae) was strongly predicted. Again some of the closed forest restricted species like the Crimson Rose (Pachliopta hector) and Common Raven (Papilio castor) were found to be highly seasonal in their association with the monsoon period. To examine the continuum of seasonal abundance of the swallowtail butterflies, the effect of year as an independent variable on the butterfly abundances was tested separately for Garbhanga and Rani ranges. In Garbhanga range, year as a variable did not show a significant effect on the butterfly abundances whereas in Rani range, the effect of year was significant and higher abundances of some of the species assemblages were recorded during the wet season of the second year of study. Altitude as an independent variable showed a significant effect on the total variance of the species assemblages within the study area and species characteristic of closed forest were recorded in greater abundances at higher elevations and open forest species were recorded in higher abundances at lower elevations in all the study sites. The ordination results did not show a significant correlation between the geographical position and species abundances although at least statistically a significant correlation was seen in the genus (group-wise) and species ordination for Garbhanga range. One of the limitation being the small size of the sampling area and the close location of the transects, the results could not be meaningfully interpreted. The homogenous species assemblage within the protected reserve showed varying diversity patterns by forest type and season. The diversity parameters were analysed separately for Garbhanga and Rani ranges. In the study sites of Garbhanga range, there were no differences in species diversity, evenness and rarefaction estimates between dry and wet seasons throughout the study period but by forest type, the closed forests were more diverse than the open/scattered forests. A similar trend was also detected for the evenness and rarefaction estimates of the species assemblages. There were no significant differences in species richness between forest types and season as probably all the species were encountered in almost all the transects in varying levels of abundance and secondly could also be related to the pooled data. In Rani range, the conditions were different where only Shannon’s diversity (H’) was higher during the wet season of both years but there were no significant differences by forest type. The scattered/open forests were more diverse than the closed forests as shown by Simpson’s and Inverse Simpson’s indices but α-diversity was again higher in the closed forests The evenness and rarefaction estimates were also higher in the open forest habitats although there were no significant differences between seasons. Characteristic indicator taxa defined by their Indicator Values (% IndVal) were determined separately for the study sites of Garbhanga and Rani ranges by their transect and seasonal abundances. In the scattered/open forest transects of Garbhanga range identification of the group assemblages (genus-wise) showed that the Graphium species (Jays and Bluebottles) scored IndVals >60% (p<0.05) while in the closed forest transects, none of the group assemblages were statistically significant except Papilio castor castor (Common Raven) which did not score a high IndVal but was statistically significant at p≤ 0.05. Amongst the species assemblages, only two species from the open forests or gaps scored significantly high IndVals > 60% (p<0.05) and therefore could be selected as indicators for open or scattered forests within Garbhanga range. In Rani range, when the group assemblages for the indicator taxa were defined by values of the pooled transects from the 2 study sites, Pathysa sp. (Zebras), Graphium sarpedon sarpedon (Bluebottles) and Papilio demoleus (Limes) were identified as the indicator groups for the open/scattered forests although they did not score high IndVals (p<0.05). When species assemblages were defined by values of the pooled transects, two gap species were statitistically significant (p<0.05) although they did not score high IndVals (>45%) in the open forest transects. However no indicator species could be detected statistically for the closed forest habitats. When the indicator values of the species assemblages were defined by values of seasonal abundances within Garbhanga and Rani ranges separately, a total of seven closed forest-restricted species and one gap species scored statistically significant IndVals (> 70%, p<0.05) for all the five study sites. In Garbhanga range, four closed forest restricted species from the red-bodied group- Windmills (Atrophaneura sp., 3) and Birdwings (Troides sp., 1) scored significantly high IndVals (> 80%, p<0.05) while one black-bodied species (Papilio helenus (Red Helen) scored an IndVal < 65% but was significant at p<0.05. In Rani range, four species from the closed forest and one gap species scored high IndVals (>65%, p<0.05). The result of the identification of indicator species by both transect and seasonal abundances was that seven species were finally selected as indicators for the two forest types." @default.
- W1509439247 created "2016-06-24" @default.
- W1509439247 creator A5010569536 @default.
- W1509439247 date "2022-02-20" @default.
- W1509439247 modified "2023-09-25" @default.
- W1509439247 title "Diversity and Habitat Selection of Papilionidae in a Protected Forest Reserve in Assam, Northeast India" @default.
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