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• W1510528002 abstract "INTRODUCTION 250 I. SETTING THE STAGE: BACKGROUND 253 A. The Worldof Gangs 253 1. Motorcycle Gangs 253 2. Organized Crime or Mafia 254 3. Ku Klux Klan and Skinheads 255 4. Prison Gangs 256 5. Street Gangs 256 B. Gang Crime and Community Fear 257 C. Local Solutions: Task Forces, Checkpoints, and Injunctions ...... 258 II. THE FEDERAL LEVEL: WHAT IS THE CRIMINAL STREET GANG STATUTE? 261 III. THE CSGS'S DUBIOUS CONSTITUTIONALITY 262 A. Round One: United States v. Matthews I 262 B. In the Interim: Apprendi v. New Jersey and A New Standard For Fifth and Sixth Amendment Rights in Sentencing Enhancements .... 263 C. The Lost Opportunity: United States v. Matthews II 266 IV. A CONGRESSIONAL RECOGNITION OF A PROBLEM 267 A. Fighting Gangs and Empowering Youth Act of 2007 268 B. Anti-Gang Enforcement Act of 2007 268 C. Gang Abatement and Prevention Act of 2007 269 V. A PROPOSAL FOR CHANGE: RICO AND A MODEL CSGS 269 A. How RICO Can Guide a Model CSGS 270 1. Simplicity 271 2. Substantive Crime 274 3. Federal Jurisdiction and Forfeiture 274 VI. A RETURN TO APPRENDI: THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE MODEL CSGS 278 CONCLUSION 280 INTRODUCTION One evening in Texas in 1995, Tenie Dittman had just bought a new van and was driving home. As she pulled into her driveway, two men pointed guns and demanded her new van. When Ms. Dittman attempted to back out of the driveway, away from the men, one of the men shot at her five times, hitting her at least three times. Both men fled, leaving the wounded Ms. Dittman in her driveway. They were eventually captured, charged, and convicted of carjacking, conspiracy to commit carjacking, and various firearms violations. When the defendants, Jeffrey Matthews and Michael Cook, were presented at sentencing several months later, a judge enhanced their sentences by ten years pursuant to the Criminal Street Gang Statute, finding that the men were members of the Crips, a criminal street gang, and their actions were committed with the goal of impressing their friends in the gang.1 The only evidence presented at the sentencing hearing against defendant Matthews was the hearsay testimony of an F.B.I, agent summarizing the statements made by other members of Matthews's group of acquaintances.2 Matthews's acquaintances told the F.B.I, agent that they had seen him around the Crips and Matthews had bragged about shooting Ms. Dittman.3 Matthews was not permitted to cross-examine the F.B.I. agent or the friends who had made those statements.4 The judge found by a preponderance of the evidence that Matthews belonged to the Crips and sentenced Matthews to jail for an additional ten years.5 Matthews had no notice of these charges at his trial and no ability to plead his case to the jury.6 This Note questions the constitutionality of the statute that sent Matthews to jail for an additional ten years: the Criminal Street Gang Statute.7 The word gang evokes various images-from the mob and Don Corleone in the Mario Puzo's The Godfather trilogy8 to a group of urban teens with colored bandanas hanging out on the street corner. …" @default.
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• W1510528002 date "2009-10-01" @default.
• W1510528002 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1510528002 title "Your Honor, I Seen Him with That Gang: The Constitutionality of the Federal Criminal Street Gang Statute in the Wake of Apprendi V. New Jersey" @default.
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