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• W1510818298 abstract "I. INTRODUCTION The right of publicity provides celebrities with a common law intellectual property right in the economic value of their personae. In California, this right has been extended by statute to vest in the heirs and assignees of deceased celebrities. (1) California Civil Code section 990 (2) states that: [a]ny person who uses a deceased personality's name, voice, signature, photograph, or likeness, in any manner, on or in products, merchandise, or goods, or for purposes of advertising or selling or soliciting purchases of, products, merchandise, goods, or services, without prior consent from the person or persons specified in subdivision (c), shall be liable for any damages sustained by the person or persons injured as a result thereof. (3) By its very nature this statute threatens to abridge the right of freedom of speech. Therefore, in affording protection to the right of publicity, courts must ensure that such a statute does not transgress this constitutional guarantee. Where to draw the line is often a difficult determination for the court. In III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc., (4) a case alleging that the reproduction on lithographs and T-shirts of the likenesses of deceased celebrities infringed the celebrities' right of publicity, the California Supreme Court attempted to resolve the inherent conflict between the First Amendment and the right of publicity by formulating a balancing test. (5) The test asked whether the work at issue adds significant creative elements so as to be transformed into something more than a mere celebrity likeness or imitation. (6) If significant creative elements are added to a likeness in a reproduction of a celebrity image, the new work receives protection equal to that accorded original works of art. (7) This Note examines the balancing test addressed by the California Supreme Court in III and its application in that case. The Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals is the only other court to mention that test in a published opinion, and this Note will also describe the circumstances in which it did so. II. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND Comedy III is the registered owner of all rights to the former comedy act known as The Three Stooges, who are deceased personalities within the meaning of [California Civil Code section 990]. (8) Gary Saderup is an artist who has created charcoal drawings of celebrities for over twenty-five years. (9) Through his company, Gary Saderup, Inc., Mr. Saderup reproduces these charcoal drawings both as lithographic prints and as silkscreen images on T-shirts. (10) Gary Saderup, Inc., without the consent of III, reproduced and sold Mr. Saderup's charcoal drawings of The Three Stooges for lithograph prints and T-shirts. (11) As the court found: These lithographs and T-shirts did not constitute an advertisement, endorsement, or sponsorship of any product. (12) III brought suit against Gary Saderup and Gary Saderup, Inc., alleging a violation of California Civil Code section 990 and seeking damages and injunctive relief. (13) Both parties waived the right to jury trial and agreed to try the case on the stipulated facts. (14) The trial court entered judgment in favor of III, awarding damages of $75,000, the amount of Gary Saderup, Inc.'s profits from the sale of unlicensed goods bearing the likeness of The Three Stooges, as well as attorney's fees of $150,000, plus costs. (15) The trial court also issued a permanent injunction preventing the defendants from using the likeness of The Three Stooges on lithographs, T-shirts, or in any other medium in further violation of the statute. (16) Gary Saderup, Inc. was further enjoined from '[c]reating, producing, reproducing, copying, distributing, selling or exhibiting' any products or any kind of merchandise that contained 'the photograph, image, face, symbols, trademarks, likeness, name, voice or signature of The Three Stooges' collectively or any one of them individually. …" @default.
• W1510818298 created "2016-06-24" @default.
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• W1510818298 date "2002-01-01" @default.
• W1510818298 modified "2023-09-24" @default.
• W1510818298 title "Comedy III Productions, Inc. v. Gary Saderup, Inc.: Finding a Balance between the Right of Publicity and the First Amendment Right of Freedom of Speech" @default.
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