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• W1511273233 abstract "Paul Preston, The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain, W.W.Norton & Company, New York, 2012. Reviewed by Darryl Anthony BurrowesThe prolific Hispanist, Paul Preston, has deliberately chosen a provocative title for his latest book, The Spanish Holocaust. 1 Preston first started work on the book in 1999, in an attempt 'to show as far as possible what happened to civilians and why', during the Spanish Civil War (1936-1939) and in the years afterwards (p.xi). As if the use of the word 'holocaust' in the main title of the book is not contentious enough, Preston compounds controversy by using the words 'inquisition and extermination' in the subtitle. This was a painstaking decision by the author who 'thought long and hard about the title' (p. xi). He feels strongly the need to present the reality of Francoism to a public both inside and outside Spain that still, thirty-seven years after Franco's death, holds mythical representations spawned by Cold War politics; that General Franco was a 'soft' dictator unlike Hitler and Mussolini; that he 'masterminded Spain's economic miracle in the 1960s and that he heroically kept his country out of the Second World War' (p.xii). Such myths emanated from Francoist image-makers but were disseminated over the years by a compliant western media that accepted Franco's rebranding after the Second World War as the centinela de occidente (protector of the West)2 rather than pro-Axis sympathizer. Franco was reincarnated, if not exactly as a 'good guy', but as a harmless and stable bulwark in the fight against an expansionist Soviet Russia. This is an image that is anathema to Professor Preston, who has always made it clear to his readers where he stands vis-a-vis Franco. One of his early books is dedicated 'to the memory of David Marshall and to the other men and women of the International Brigades who fought and died fighting fascism in Spain',3 and in the acknowledgements to his 1993 biography, Franco, he writes, 'For many years, my wife Gabrielle put up with the presence in our home of an uncongenial uninvited guest in the person of Francisco Franco.'4 This latest addition to the Preston corpus has an agenda to destroy the 'soft' dictator image by recounting case after case of heinous murders perpetrated in Franco Spain.Whether the title is appropriate in the Spanish context is debatable. The word holocaust is somewhat problematic and has experienced several linguistic shifts. For years it was used to describe violent death, often involving fire, of large numbers of people. In the early twentieth-century it was applied to great massacres with a genocidal intent, such as the Armenian genocide. However, from the mid twentieth-century onwards it has commonly and uniquely been associated with the Nazi genocide of six million Jews. During the Cold War the phrase 'nuclear holocaust' was coined, without any reference to genocidal intent, to describe a future conflagration scenario. The one common element to all usage of the word is large scale slaughter, although what qualifies as large scale is a relative concept in itself.The Spanish death statistics are on a scale considerably smaller than the Jewish holocaust in Europe. Preston writes '200,000 men and women were murdered extra-judicially or executed after flimsy legal process' (p.i). He believes that the same number of men were killed on the various Spanish battle fronts and he adds that another 20,000 Republicans were executed after the official ending of the war. His reckoning of the death count is further increased, although he doesn't give any actual figures. He writes: 'Unknown numbers of men, women and children were killed in bombing attacks' and more died 'of disease and malnutrition in overcrowded, unhygienic prisons and concentration camps' (p.i) and others died because of the slave-labour conditions of the regime's work battalions and also as a result of being forced into exile and ending up in French and Nazi concentration camps. …" @default.
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• W1511273233 title "The Spanish Holocaust: Inquisition and Extermination in Twentieth-Century Spain" @default.
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