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• W1514057755 abstract "Antifoulant chemicals are commonly used in aquaculture to counteract biofouling,which may be a particularly significant problem to finfish culture operations. Biofoulingreduces water flow and oxygen supply, and in turn leads to increased stress levelsand disease-susceptibility in the cultured fish. Copper-based net coatings, the main antifoulant used in marine salmonid operations,act as a biocide thereby preventing the attachment of fouling organisms to the cage.There are several environmental concerns associated with the use of copper antifoulantsand their persistence in the marine environment, the most significant of which are i) toxiceffects on local ecology and ecosystem processes, especially in sediments and ii)potential for bioaccumulation. Many marine invertebrates have been shown to besensitive to metal toxicity, with juvenile (embryo and larval) stages often beingparticularly susceptible. As a result where copper is released from aquaculture operations, vulnerable speciescan be eliminated changing the ecological balance. Other species may be more robust,with a greater capacity to regulate or sequester metals, and these species may appearunaffected or even thrive in response to the increased metal loads. However, where an animal is able to survive through tolerance or accumulation ofmetals this can provide an avenue for bioaccumulation and biomagnification as a result ofpredation from higher trophic level species. Metals in antifoulants can become availableto the broader environment either by dissolution from the active paint surface or as aresult of ablation or physical damage of the painted surface. Sediments under fish farmsusing copper-based antifoulants typically show increased total metal loadings, however, itis important to note that for metals in the sediments to have any effect on local ecology orsediment processes they must be bioavailable, which in tum is dependant on the form(speciation) of the metal. Metal speciation in sediments is complex and strongly related tothe geochemical status of the sediments (i.e. redox, pH, oxic status, organic content), which in turn will be influenced by the extent of other processes such as bioturbation andresuspension. In anoxic sediments, metals are generally thought to be less bioavailablethan in oxic sediments, as they are often tightly bound as insoluble sulphides. As metalspeciation may be influenced by the level of organic enrichment, metal toxicity mayfluctuate with variations in organic inputs associated with the farming cycle, and thisshould be taken into account in any monitoring or evaluation of impact. Until such timeas there is a reliable replacement for copper-based antifouling products, sustainablemanagement practices need to ensure that procedures minimise the environmental impactof currently used products and include the development of appropriate monitoringstrategies. In this chapter we review possible environmental impacts associated with copperbasedantifoulant use, the mechanisms and processes that affect metal bioavailability, theecological consequences that might be associated with particular metal loadings andmonitoring and management strategies. Data from research conducted by the Tasmaniansalmonid industry (Australia) are discussed." @default.
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• W1514057755 date "2011-01-01" @default.
• W1514057755 modified "2023-09-27" @default.
• W1514057755 title "Antifoulants in Salmonid Aquaculture: Environmental Considerations for Marine Cage Farming" @default.
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