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• W1516138904 abstract "This document presents an abbreviated legislative history regarding the development of Section 949(b) of the Military Commissions Act of 2006. This legislative history supplements information and arguments made in Gregory S. McNeal, Beyond Guantanamo, Obstacles and Options, 102 NW. U. L. REV ___ (2008). On September 6, 2006, President George W. Bush held a press conference announcing that his administration transferred High Value Detainees (hereinafter “HVD”) to Guantanamo Bay Cuba and confirming that the detainees had been interrogated by the CIA. 1 The President also confirmed that these HVD’s were subjected to interrogation using “an alternative set of procedures” 2 which the Department of Justice had reviewed and determined to be lawful. Concurrently, the President announced he was submitting draft legislation to Congress titled the Military Commission Act of 2006. 3 The draft legislation “authorize[ed] military commission to try detainees, amend[ed] the War Crimes Act, and specif[ied] conduct [as] complying with Common Article 3” 4 of the Geneva Conventions. In response, numerous pieces of draft legislation were introduced in Congress. Most proposals were identical to the President’s bill. Of particular note were proposals S. 3861, titled the “Bringing Terrorists to Justice Act of 2006,” introduced by Senator Bill Frist, S. 3886, titled the “Terrorist Tracking, Identification, and Prosecution Act of 2006,” also introduced by Senator Bill Frist; and H.R. 6054, titled the “Military Commission Act of 2006,” introduced by Representative Duncan Hunter. 5 For these three proposals the language of Section 949(b), the provision dealing with unlawful influence, was identical to 10 U.S.C.A. § 837 of the Uniform Code of Military Justice. This section of the U.C.M.J. states: “(a) No authority convening a general, special, or summary courtmartial, nor any other commanding officer, may censure, reprimand, or admonish the court or any member, military judge, or counsel thereof, with respect to the findings or sentence adjudged by the court, or with respect to any other exercise of its or his functions in the conduct of the proceeding. No person subject to this chapter may attempt to coerce or, * Gregory S. McNeal, Visiting Assistant Professor of Law. Thanks to Brian Sheridan for outstanding research assistance in the preparation of this document. 1 White House Press Release, President Discusses Creation of Military Commissions to Try Suspected Terrorists (September 6, 2006); available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/print/200609063.html. (These HVD include Khalid Sheikh Mohammed, Abu Zubaydah, Ramzi bin al-Shibh, and 11 other Terrorists) 2 White House Press Release, President Discusses Creation of Military Commissions to Try Suspected Terrorists (September 6, 2006); available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/print/200609063.html., White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: The Administration’s Legislation to Create Military Commissions (September 6, 2006), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060906-6.html 3 White House Press Release, Fact Sheet: The Administration’s Legislation to Create Military Commissions (September 6, 2006), available at http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2006/09/20060906-6.html 4 Michael John Garcia, The War Crimes Act: Current Issues, CRS Report for Congress, 5-6 (2007); available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33662.pdf 5 Michael John Garcia, The War Crimes Act: Current Issues, CRS Report for Congress, 5-6 (2007); available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33662.pdf An Abbreviated Legislative History and Timeline Regarding the Development of Section 949(b) of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 Gregory S. McNeal* by any unauthorized means, influence the action of a court-martial or any other military tribunal or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case, or the action of any convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to his judicial acts. The foregoing provisions of the subsection shall not apply with respect to (1) general instructional or informational courses in military justice if such courses are designed solely for the purpose of instructing members of a command in the substantive and procedural aspects of courts-martial, or (2) to statements and instructions given in open court by the military judge, president of a special court-martial, or counsel.” 6 All three of the proposed bills featured language for military commissions mirroring this U.C.M.J. provision. The language placed in Section 949 (b) stated: “No authority convening a military commission under this chapter may censure, reprimand, or admonish the military commission, or any member, military judge, or counsel thereof, with respect to the findings or sentence adjudged by the military commission, or with respect to any other exercises of its or his functions in the conduct of the proceedings. `(2) No person may attempt to coerce or, by any unauthorized means, influence the action of a military commission under this chapter, or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case, or the action of any convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to his judicial acts. `(3) Paragraphs (1) and (2) do not apply with respect to-`(A) general instructional or informational courses in military justice if such courses are designed solely for the purpose of instructing members of a command in the substantive and procedural aspects of military commissions; or `(B) statements and instructions given in open proceedings by a military judge or counsel.” 7 As the proposed legislation was negotiated, Senator Warner proposed new legislation, which took a harder stance regarding cruel treatment of detainees. His bill, S.3901, submitted on September 14, 2006 was titled the “Military Commissions Act of 2006.” This proposed legislation followed the standards put forward in the McCain Amendment 8 to the Detainee Treatment Act. 9 The McCain Amendment “prohibits persons in the custody or control of the U.S. government, regardless of their nationality or physical location, from being subjected to ‘cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.’” 10 The public debate over this issue 6 10 U.S.C.A. § 837 7 H.R. 6054, draft legislation submitted by Representative Duncan Hunter (September 12, 2006); available at http://thomas.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/F?c109:1:./temp/~c109eoCEmu:e23141: 8 Michael John Garcia, Interrogation of Detainees: Overview of McCain Amendment, CRS Report for Congress, (2007); available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33655.pdf 9 Detainee Treatment Act of 2005, available at http://jurist.law.pitt.edu/gazette/2005/12/detainee-treatment-actof-2005-white.php 10 Michael John Garcia, Interrogation of Detainees: Overview of McCain Amendment, CRS Report for Congress, 3 (2007); available at http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/intel/RL33655.pdf An Abbreviated Legislative History and Timeline Regarding the Development of Section 949(b) of the Military Commissions Act of 2006 Gregory S. McNeal* prominently placed Senator McCain and other Senators at odds with the administration over the issue of torture. 11 While the public debate focused on torture, Colonel Morris Davis, then the Chief Prosecutor feared that he would be pressured by administration officials to offer evidence derived from torture in future military commission proceedings. Col. Davis met with legislators to ensure they would include provisions protecting military attorneys from political pressure. In an email to the staff of Senator Lindsey Graham prior to publication of S.3901, Col. Davis stated: 4. I recommend amending the language in your section 949b, “Unlawfully influencing action of military commission,” by modifying section (a)(2) to read: (2) No person may attempt to coerce or, by any unauthorized means, influence the action of a military commission under this chapter, or any member thereof, in reaching the findings or sentence in any case; the convening, approving, or reviewing authority with respect to their judicial acts; or the exercise of professional legal judgment by trial counsel or" @default.
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