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- W1516860820 abstract "Large systems of synonyms used to supply variation of kennings cannot but draw the attention of scholars investigating skaldic poetry. Where did skalds get all these countless numbers of heitil There can be no doubt that most of these synonyms were created in the skaldic tradition itself, which to suit its own needs was constantly remaking the extensive word-stock placed at its disposal by common language on the one hand and foregoing epic tradition on the other. The skaldic systems of synonyms are either transformed lexical groups within which all the individual differences between words are consid ered to be irrelevant and instead of them their most general meaning is pushed into the foreground, or sequences of former nomina propria, placenames and mythological names transferred from a number of unique beings and objects to those classes they belong to and thus turned into common nouns. Skaldic synonyms are also made as entirely new lexical units. Then some word-building means are used which are active only in poetic language. The reinterpretation of various linguistic material and its conversion into the wholly formalized and interchangeable poetic vocabulary are characteristic features of skaldic tradition. The main sources of our knowledge of poetic synonyms are skaldic poetry and þulur, versified lists of heiti, composed in the second half of the 12th or at the beginning of the 13th century and preserved in different versions in several manuscripts of Snorra Edda, where the sets of þulur are appended to the end of Skaldskaparmal. The longest of these versions forms a collection of 59 þulur and contains 1370 lines in fornyrdislag in which no less than 2573 heiti for 55 subjects are enumerated.1 The average length of a þula is three or four stanzas, but there are much longer ones, e.g. a list of sverða heiti, containing twelve stanzas, or a list of skipa heiti which consists of ten stanzas. On the other hand there are quite short þulur, not longer than a stanza or a helmingr. As the only contents of a þula are poetic synonyms, its length corresponds to a given list of heiti. As a rule it is very large: e.g. there are enumerated 59 heiti for ‘tree’, 60 heiti for ‘fire’, 112 heiti for ‘river’, 114 heiti for ‘bird’, 123 heiti for ‘man’, and 170 heiti for ‘sword’." @default.
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- W1516860820 date "1992-01-01" @default.
- W1516860820 modified "2023-09-26" @default.
- W1516860820 title "þulur in Skáldskaparmál: An Attempt at Skaldic Lexicology" @default.
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