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• W151777273 abstract "In three decades since Michel Foucault rejuvenated study of prisons,1 historians of Europe, North America, and Australasia2 have enthusiastically accepted intellectual challenges posed by his Discipline and Punish.3 In contrast, historians of Africa have been slower demonstrate interest in continent's prisons.4 However, as a derivative of recent studies of Africa's urban settlements, crime, and deviancy, scholarly curiosity towards prisons is increasing.5 This has been most prominently demonstrated by recent publication of Florence Bernault's edited collection, Enfermement, Prison et Chatiments en Afrique du 19e Siecle a nos Jours, and a subsequent English edition.6 Foucault's shadow lingers over this first attempt chronicle history of prison in a broad range of settings in sub-Saharan region. This is not suggest that Bernault or her fellow contributors have uncritically replicated much of Foucault's understanding of nature of imprisonment. However, Bernault's specific characterization of imprisonment in colonial Kenya will be challenged here. Foucault described prison as location for distributing individuals, fixing them in space, classifying them, extracting from them maximum in time and forces, training their bodies, coding their continuous behaviour, maintaining them in perfect visibility, forming around them an apparatus of observation, registration, and recording, constituting on them a body of knowledge that is accumulated and centralized. Prisons were to render individuals docile and useful.7 In modification, Bernault argues that prisons in colonial Africa became experiments in hybridity. African prisons grafted together disciplinarian function and character of prisons in North America and Europe, as described by Foucault, with specific, highly original models of penal incarceration, produced by unique demands of variety of locations into which prisons were introduced.8 In wider context, Bernault describes colonial prisons of Africa as location for physical punishment.9 However, Bernault borrows Foucault's terminology identify colonial Kenya, along with South Africa, as possessing a bureaucratic and institutional culture of control that was of few in Africa resemble a 'carceral archipelago.'10 For Foucault, prison was just one component of that archipelago. Together with workhouses, schools, orphanages and so on, carceral archipelago represented A continuous gradation of established, specialized and competent authorities (in order of knowledge and in order of power) which, without resort arbitrariness, but strictly according regulations, by means of observation and assessment hierarchized, differentiated, judged, punished and moved gradually from correction of irregularities punishment of crime.11 Incarceration is implicit in Foucault's paradigm, of course, along with surveillance and regulation described at length in Discipline and Punish. In panoptic society of carceral archipelago, incarceration is omnipresent armature.12 Punishment in carceral archipelago is both real capture of body and its perpetual observation.13 The description and discussion of modes of confinement was, in Geertz's words, the master obsession of Foucault's work.14 For Foucault, punitive effect of prison is be found in very act of detention, isolation, and surveillance of individual. This does not accurately reflect nature of imprisonment in colonial Kenya, where prison and detention camp was location for physical punishment, in form of exposure extremely unhealthy conditions, poor diet, and corporal punishment. Prisons were punitive rather than panoptic.15 Most important, individualizing nature of Western imprisonment, as described by Foucault, was almost entirely absent. This article will not share Bernault's brief assessment of Kenyan penal system. …" @default.
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• W151777273 date "2005-05-01" @default.
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• W151777273 title "Imprisonment and colonialism in Kenya, c.1930-1952 : Escaping the carceral archipelago" @default.
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