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• W1518016834 abstract "Marine mammals are common, highly visible, and charismatic species that are potentially vulnerable to oil contamination, yet we know surprisingly little about the effects of oil on either individuals or populations. In this regard, the 1989 Exxon Valdez oil spill in the nearshore waters of Alaska is unique. This spill of 11 million gallons of Prudhoe Bay crude oil resulted in the death of numerous killer whales, hundreds of harbor seals, and over a thousand of sea otters. The impacts on some nearshore communities and vulnerable subpopulations of marine mammals have lasted more than two decades. Consequently, the hundreds of peer-reviewed papers and symposia generated from that spill now serve as a foundation for much of our understanding about the effects of oil on marine mammals. The ongoing investigation into the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico indicates that, again, nearshore populations are especially vulnerable and impacts can be long term. Unlike the Exxon Valdez spill, the Deepwater Horizon well released oil into waters a mile deep and 60 mi offshore, exposing pelagic marine mammal populations to oil for several months. It remains to be determined whether our limited ability to study these offshore species will allow for any robust conclusions regarding the impact an oil spill has on offshore populations. Oil will affect marine mammals through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal pathways. Each pathway causes a suite of physiological responses that can compromise health as well as long-term survival and reproduction. For sea otters, seals, sea lions, walruses, and the polar bear, the most serious health threats from oil are (i) extreme hypothermia, especially for those species that rely primarily on pelage for insulation; (ii) respiratory system damage from inhalation of the volatile and highly toxic aromatic components of oil; (iii) gastrointestinal damage from ingestion of oil through grooming or consumption of contaminated prey; and (iv) eye, skin, and mucus membrane damage from oil and excessive grooming. For most whales, dolphins, porpoises, and sirenians, the greatest threat is likely to be acute respiratory injury if they encounter fresh oil. For those species that primarily live or feed nearshore, incidental ingestion of oil and chronic respiratory exposure may be the most damaging over the long term. The impacts of oil spills may be heightened seasonally for some species whose populations become concentrated during breeding seasons or in specific foraging areas or as they move along historic migration corridors. In addition, any marine mammal population could be indirectly impacted by an oil spill that reduces prey populations locally or over a broad area. Considering the numerous threats that oil poses to marine mammals, humans should proceed cautiously in drilling and transporting oil through the Arctic and deep sea, areas that have long served as sanctuaries for numerous species of marine mammals." @default.
• W1518016834 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1518016834 creator A5013119751 @default.
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• W1518016834 date "2014-11-14" @default.
• W1518016834 modified "2023-10-14" @default.
• W1518016834 title "Overview of Effects of Oil Spills on Marine Mammals" @default.
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