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• W1518220216 abstract "SEVERAL YEARS AGO, a group of cease-fire monitors preparing to go to the Nuba Mountains in Sudan received a situation briefing in the Pentagon. At the conclusion of the briefing, one monitor asked about crime and economic violence in the area. The briefing officer, a colonel in the Army, patiently explained that the conflict in the Sudan was between Muslims and Christians and that crime was not a concern. His response, which reflected a common approach to examining conflict, underscored the need to integrate cultural understanding into the spectrum of military operations. The reality in the Sudan and elsewhere is that political, economic, and religious factors cannot be examined in isolation. In that area of the Sudan, for instance, competition between herders and farmers had political, religious, and military dimensions. The economic tension framed much of the conflict, and escalating economic violence was the single largest threat to the cease-fire. Culture has been described as multiple discourses, occasionally coming together in large systemic configuration, but more often coexisting within dynamic fields of interaction and conflict. (1) Culture is so broad that we cannot isolate it and study it apart from other societal factors such as history, economics, politics, religion, and relationships ranging from local to international. But in both military history and counterinsurgency literature, references to culture and regional understanding too often consist of a single line or paragraph stating that such knowledge is critical for success. In the past, one-hour cultural briefs conducted during preparation for deployment often misrepresented the culture and diminished its importance in planning operations. Now, largely because of challenges in Iraq, there is a growing recognition of the need for cultural awareness and understanding in the military. Lessons learned in Iraq include the need for--Continuity of personnel and institutional knowledge in each * Cultural training in our educational institutions. * Diversity in language capabilities. * Socioeconomic analysis conducted during the planning process by regional specialists. * Timely reachback to sector specialists. Problems in East Africa In 2002 the U.S. military established the Combined Joint Task Force-Horn of Africa (CJTF-HOA) in Djibouti for the purpose of detecting, disrupting, and ultimately defeating transnational terrorist groups operating in the region. (2) Part of its mission involves economic assistance in the form of civil-military operations to reduce the conditions of poverty that help foster terrorism. Implied in this endeavor is an understanding of complex socioeconomic and cultural factors that influence the behavior and beliefs of peoples throughout the Horn of Africa and parts of East Africa. Inadequate preparation and planning. Despite the lessons learned in Iraq, operations like those ongoing in Kenya and Tanzania are marked by high personnel turnover. Moreover, most of the personnel deployed have received little or no training on the region, have no Swahili language ability, and do not have a chain of command insisting that they learn the indigenous language in situ. To further compound the problem, few of those who plan the operations have been to the countries involved, and, even if the planning staff includes a section of regional specialists, the section usually has little influence on other staff sections. We can attribute the latter deficiency to the way military staffs typically work; that is, they tend to operate independently and focus on a functional area rather than integrating all aspects of local and regional variations into their operational plan. Regulations, standard operating procedures, models, and guidelines developed in other contexts reinforce this tendency. As a result, the staff develops the plan in a vacuum with little regard for the importance of regional concerns and specificities. …" @default.
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• W1518220216 title "Avoiding the Cookie-Cutter Approach to Culture: Lessons Learned from Operations in East Africa" @default.
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