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• W1518749757 abstract "ON MARCH 21, 2003, Danish Parliament acted to authorize Denmark's support of and active military participation in US-led invasion of Iraq. In spite of a full-scale diplomatic effort by United States at United Nations Security Council, neither UN, NATO, EU, nor any other relevant international body had sanctioned war. Authorizing commitment of a submarine, a corvette, and a military medical unit, Kingdom of Denmark became one of a small handful of nations, and only Nordic state, to participate militarily in initial invasion. This essay examines Denmark's decision to participate in invasion. It presents argument that government of Denmark has led nation out of and away from its long-standing adherence to a set of principles and practices that have come to be known as Scandinavian model of international relations. THE SCANDINAVIAN MODEL (1) The Scandinavian Model is a concept that stems from a set of internal similarities and an external uniqueness that set Scandinavia apart from rest of world. Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden are considered to be small but have often been seen as examples of how ought to conduct themselves in terms of development and efficient administration of just as well as ensuing respect for rule of regarding both domestic and foreign policy. This aspect of Scandinavian model in international relations is summarized by Christopher S. Browning as the adoption of a broadly anti-militarist stance to international affairs, meaning that resort to military force should be rejected in all but direst of circumstances and that if possible international problems should be resolved through diplomacy and recourse to UN/international law (32). Peter Lawler writes that they [the Nordic states] appear to have consistently given greater weight to overtly normative and ethical considerations in formulation and conduct of their foreign and security policies than most other developed states (102). During twentieth century Scandinavia had earned an exemplary reputation in practice of international relations. Going back at least to 1921 when Sweden and Finland acknowledged League of Nations as appropriate forum for resolution of dispute over status of Aland Islands, Scandinavia has largely been seen by nations, politicians, and diplomats of world as a global good citizen. The groundwork for today's image of Scandinavian international relations model has been further strengthened by images--both factual and mythical--that emerged from World War II, a period in which Nordic were surrounded by vastly superior military forces. In case of Finland, predominant social memory is that of heroic and ultimately successful defense of nation against aggression of its formidable neighbor, Soviet Union. Denmark and Norway, in spite of policies and legal positions of neutrality, were invaded and occupied by Nazi Germany in its conquest of continental Europe. Sweden managed to preserve its neutrality and independence and is remembered for accepting without reservation all Jewish refugees who could make it across Oresund from Denmark resulting in a remarkable 99 percent survival rate for Denmark's Jewish citizens. This was a shining, defining moment for Danish, Swedish, and by extension, Scandinavian values. Tiny Iceland, in middle of North Atlantic, found itself under sway first of Britain and later United States. In all five cases, image of Scandinavia that emerged was one of peace-loving societies seeking to avoid conflict but having qualities of bravery and resourcefulness when needed. As with most stories of societal conduct under stress, a certain amount of this reputation was based on myth, but modern image of Scandinavian international relations was set, and these images resonate with almost indescribable strength today, more than sixty years after end of war. …" @default.
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• W1518749757 date "2009-09-22" @default.
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• W1518749757 title "Danish Military Involvement in the Invasion of Iraq in Light of the Scandinavian International Relations Model" @default.
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