FRINK Linked Data Fragments server

Matches in SemOpenAlex for { <https://semopenalex.org/work/W1519657147> ?p ?o ?g. }

• W1519657147 abstract "This paper summarises tuberculosis (TB) research over almost 30 years in Karonga District, northern Malawi, an area typical of much of rural Africa. The dominant factor has been the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), which arrived in the district about 1980, leading to an increase in TB incidence to a peak of approximately 65 smear-positive pulmonary cases per 100000 population in 2000. Tuberculin surveys indicate annual risks of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of approximately 1%; thus, most of the population is uninfected and at risk of primary infection and disease. Molecular epidemiological studies demonstrate that about two thirds of TB arises from recent infection, but recognisable recent contact is responsible for only about 10% of disease. By 2001, 57% of TB was directly attributable to HIV, implying that it would have declined were it not for HIV. HIV infection increases the risk of TB most among young adults, and greatly increases the risk of recurrence from new infection after treatment. Mortality rates in the HIV-infected are high, but there is no association of HIV with drug resistance. Other risk factors with relatively smaller effects include age and sex, contact, several genetic polymorphisms and area. Neither one nor two doses of the bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine provides protection against adult pulmonary TB, despite protecting against leprosy. Skin test surveys, cohort studies and comparative immunological studies with the UK suggest that exposure to environmental mycobacteria provides some protection against TB and that BCG's failure is attributable partly to this widespread heterologous exposure masking effects of the vaccine. Drug resistance has remained constant (<10%) over more than 20 years. Immunotherapy with M. vaccae provided no benefits, but treatment of HIV-positive patients with cotrimoxazole reduced mortality. The Karonga programme illustrates the value of long-term population-based studies to investigate the natural history of TB and to influence TB control policy. Current studies focus on immunological markers of infection, disease and protection, and on elucidating the impact of antiretroviral treatment on TB incidence at population level." @default.
• W1519657147 created "2016-06-24" @default.
• W1519657147 creator A5012009516 @default.
• W1519657147 creator A5049409867 @default.
• W1519657147 creator A5051281716 @default.
• W1519657147 date "2009-02-01" @default.
• W1519657147 modified "2023-09-23" @default.
• W1519657147 title "What has Karonga taught us? Tuberculosis studied over three decades." @default.
• W1519657147 cites W110219700 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W11551047 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1223191134 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W125272882 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W125358002 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1499400797 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1514063840 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1521244167 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1521444427 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1561350221 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1580034358 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1588845904 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1599382631 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W16036600 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1608529429 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1709860686 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1801163303 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1963542699 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1984168217 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1990575499 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W1993140372 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2006065047 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2013926210 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2017692297 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2023908280 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2028504922 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2030000408 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2057228732 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2057325347 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2057915641 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2059350660 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2064426067 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2079288756 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2080054424 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2080414513 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2084315318 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2090514396 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2094865169 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2096686776 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2097340122 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2098362022 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2099243283 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2100057736 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2100887397 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2101107021 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2102877325 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2108619434 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2110303370 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2110652302 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2114104820 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2114521812 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2122685315 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2124275402 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2124515177 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2129574878 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2130462614 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2134058764 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2136778398 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2139827125 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2139997687 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2140347818 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2144181169 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2151225443 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2153615285 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2154459996 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2157542228 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2168156690 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2181649266 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2229982829 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2275945567 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2344046040 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2400581753 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2415293298 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2415557677 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2415884043 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2416641960 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2417709061 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2496549934 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W2529682399 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W274800287 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W3154196951 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W41881812 @default.
• W1519657147 cites W966770841 @default.
• W1519657147 hasPubMedCentralId "https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/3272402" @default.
• W1519657147 hasPubMedId "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19146741" @default.
• W1519657147 hasPublicationYear "2009" @default.
• W1519657147 type Work @default.
• W1519657147 sameAs 1519657147 @default.
• W1519657147 citedByCount "27" @default.
• W1519657147 countsByYear W15196571472012 @default.
• W1519657147 countsByYear W15196571472013 @default.
• W1519657147 countsByYear W15196571472014 @default.

• next